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Understanding the growth mechanisms of metal-based core–shell nanostructures revealed by in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2022年第8期31卷 370-383,I0010页

作者： Junyu Zhang Bensheng Xiao Junhui Zhao Miao Li Haichen Lin Zewen Kang Xianwen Wu Haodong Liu Dong-Liang Peng Qiaobao Zhang Instrumental Analysis Center Laboratory and Equipment Management DepartmentHuaqiao UniversityXiamen 361021FujianChina Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen UniversityXiamen 361005FujianChina College of Materials Science and Engineering Huaqiao UniversityXiamen 361021FujianChina College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao UniversityXiamen 361021FujianChina Chemical Engineering UC San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093United States School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou UniversityJishou 416000HunanChina

Metal-based core-shell nanostructures have garnered enduring interest due to their unique properties and functionalities.However,their growth and transformation mechanisms in liquid media remain largely unknown because they lack direct observation of the dynamic growth process with high spatial and temporal resolution.Developing the in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy(TEM)technique offers unprecedented real-time imaging and spectroscopy capabilities to directly track the evolution of structural and chemical transformation of metal-based core–shell nanostructures in liquid media under their working condition.Here,this review highlights recent progress in utilizing in situ liquid cell TEM characterization technique in investigating the dynamic evolution of material structure and morphology of metal-based core–shell nanostructures at the nano/atomic scale in real-time.A brief introduction of the development of liquid cells for in situ TEM is first given.Subsequently,recent advances in in situ liquid cell TEM for the fundamental study of growth mechanisms of metal based core–shell nanostructures are discussed.Finally,the challenge and future developments of metalbased core–shell nanostructures for in situ liquid cell TEM are proposed.Our review is anticipated to inspire ongoing interest in revealing unseen growth dynamics of core–shell nanostructures by in situ liquid cell TEM technique.

关键词： In situ liquid cell TEM Metal-based core–shell nanostructures growth mechanisms

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Preparation,growth mechanisms and Characterizations of ZnSe Films via the Solvothermal Method

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2006年第B12期19卷 91-95页

作者： LI Huan-yong JIE Wan-qi ZHAO Hai-tao College of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi＇an 710072 China

With diethylamine as a solvent, ZnSe films were formed on the Si substrate directly from zinc and selenium through the modified solvothermal method. The effects of holding temperature, deposition time and substrate surface treatment on the quality and morphologies of the ZnSe films were investigated. The growth mechanism of ZnSe films was proved to be a layer-nucleation growth process, which was tied in with the Stranski-Krastanov （SK） model. ZnSe films were identified by the X-ray diffraction pattern （XRD）, the scanning electron microscope （SEM）, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscope （XPS） and the photoluminescence （PL） techniques. The results indicate that the modified solvothermal method with diethylamine as a solvent is suitable to prepare high quality ZnSe films.

关键词： Ⅱ-Ⅵ compound ZnSe films solvothermal method growth mechanisms

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Effects of Nb Alloying on Nano-Crystallization Kinetics of Fe_(55-x)Cr_(18)Mo_7B_(16)C_4Nb_x(x=0, 3) Bulk Amorphous Alloys

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2011年第8期27卷 735-740页

作者： S. Ahmadi H.R. Shahverdi S.S. Saremi Faculty of Engineering Department of Materials Science Tarbiat Modares University

Crystallization kinetics of Fe55-xCrzsMo7B10C4Nbx（x= 0, 3） bulk amorphous alloys were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning; calorimetric （DSC） tests. In practice, crystallization and growth mechanism were evaluated using DSC tests at four different heating rates （10, 20, 30, and 40 K/rain） and kinetic models. Two-step crystallization behavior was observed when Fe55Cr18MOTB16C4 and Fe52Cr18MoTB16C4Nb3 bulk amorphous alloys were annealed, where Fe36Cr12M010 phase was crystallized in the first step of crystallization. Results show that Fe36Cr12Mo10 and Fe3C phases were crystallized in the structures of the alloys after further annealing： process. Activation energy for the crystallization of Fe36Cr12Mozo phase was measured to be 543 kJ/mol in Fe52Cr18MoTB16C4Nb3 alloy and 375 kJ/mol for Fe55Cr18Mo7B16C4 alloy according to Kissinger-Starink model. Moreover, a two-dimensiona nucleation rate was found in Fe52Cr18Mo7B16C4Nb3 diffusion controlled growth mechanism with decreasing alloy whereas a three-dimensional diffusion controlled growth mechanism with decreasing nucleation rate was found in crystallization of Fe36Crz2Mo10 phase during annealing of Fe55Cr18MoTB16C4 alloy. TEM （transmission electron microscopy） observations reveal that crystalline Fe36Cr12M010 phase nucleated in the structures of the alloys in an average size of 10 nm with completely mottled morphology.

关键词： Avrami exponent Crystallization Kinetic models growth mechanisms Bulk amorphous alloys

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Orientation variation along growth direction of millimeter free-standing CVD diamond thinned by mechanical grinding

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2014年第8期21卷 839-844页

作者： Xing-kai Wen Jun-jun Wei Jin-long Liu Jian-chao Guo Liang-xian Chen Cheng-ming Li Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology University of Science and Technology Beijing

A free-standing diamond film with millimeter thickness prepared by DC arc plasma jet was thinned successively by mechanical grinding. The orientation and quality of the diamond films with different thicknesses were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The results show a random grain-orientatinn distribution during the initial growth stage. As the film thickness increases, the preferred orientation of the diamond film changes from （111） to （220）, due to the competitive growth mechanism. Twinning generated during the nucleation stage appears to stabilize the preferential growth along the 〈110〉 direction. The interplanar spacing of the （220） plane is enlarged as the film thickness increases, which is caused by the increase of non-diamond-phase carbon and impurities under the cyclic gas. In addition, the quality of the diamond film is barely degraded during the growth process. Furthermore, the peak shift demonstrates a significant inhomogeneity of stress along the film growth direction, which results from competitive growth.

关键词： diamond films chemical vapor deposition grinding orientation growth mechanisms quality

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The Mechanism of the Middle Income Trap and the Potential Factors Influencing China＇s Economic growth

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Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2014年第3期9卷 499-528页

作者： Derong Zhang School of Economics Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China

Data from WDI show that developing countries are easily caught in the ＂middle income trap.＂ To interpret the mechanism of the ＂middle income trap,＂ this paper focuses on：（1） Based on the empirical framework of economic growth, we perform an empirical research on the determinants of economic growth at different income levels and discover that fixed capital investment, FDI and human capital accumulation are the main factors influencing less developed economies while for the upper middle income level and high-income level countries, the engines of economic growth change to institutions and R＆D. （2） We discuss the possible reasons why developing countries can have rapid economic growth before reaching the middleineome level, but cannot transform growth mechanisms in the middle income level. （3） We classify the factors that have influenced China＇s economic growth since the reform and analyze the potential ones for China＇s future development.

关键词： middle income trap economic growth growth mechanisms

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“中等收入陷阱”发生机理与中国经济增长的阶段性动力

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理论经济学 2014年第1期 7-29页

作者：张德荣

通过对世界银行数据的梳理，本文发现有相当比例的发展中国家在经济发展过程中被“中等收入陷阱”锁定。在此基础上，本文从以下三个方面展开研究：(1)基于经济增长的实证研究框架，对各个发展阶段经济增长动力机制进行实证研究，发现... 详细信息

通过对世界银行数据的梳理，本文发现有相当比例的发展中国家在经济发展过程中被“中等收入陷阱”锁定。在此基础上，本文从以下三个方面展开研究：(1)基于经济增长的实证研究框架，对各个发展阶段经济增长动力机制进行实证研究，发现在不同经济发展阶段经济增长的动力机制是不同的，不能适时转换动力机制导致发展中国家陷入“中等收入陷阱”；(2)在理论逻辑上，讨论了一个发展中国家为什么在进入中等收入阶段以前可以快速增长，但却不能在中等收入阶段转换动力机制；(3)梳理改革以来中国经济增长的影响因素，从跨国比较的视角分析了中国经济增长的潜在动力因素，改革和原创性技术进步是中国未来经济增长的主要动力。

关键词：中等收入陷阱经济增长动力机制　　Middle-income Trap Economic growth growth mechanisms

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