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Analysis of Pressure Forcings for the Vertical Turbulent Fluxes in the Convective Boundary Layer at gray zone Resolutions

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2023年第6期37卷 841-854页

作者： Yahua WANG Xiaoping CHENG Jianfang FEI Bowen ZHOU College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410005China Key Laboratory of Electro-Optical Countermeasures Test and Evaluation Technology Luoyang471000China Key Laboratory for Mesoscale Severe Weather Ministry of EducationSchool of Atmospheric SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjing210000China

At kilometer and sub-kilometer resolutions,known as the numerical gray zone for boundary layer turbulence,the atmospheric boundary layer turbulence becomes partially resolved and partially subgrid-scale(SGS) in a numerical model,thus requiring scale-adaptive turbulence schemes.Such schemes are often built by modifying the existing parameterizations,either the planetary boundary layer(PBL) schemes or the large-eddy simulation(LES) closures,to produce the right SGS turbulent fluxes at gray zone resolutions.However,the underlying forcings responsible for the changes in the vertical turbulent fluxes are largely ignored in these approaches.This study follows the original approach of Wyngaard(2004) and analyzes the turbulent buoyancy and momentum flux budgets,to gain a better understanding of the variations of flux forcings at gray zone resolutions.The investigation focuses on the pressure covariance term,which is one of the most dominant terms in the budget equations.By using the coarse-grained LES of a dry convective boundary layer(CBL) case as reference,two widely-used pressure covariance models are evaluated and optimized across the gray zone resolution range.The optimized linear model is further evaluated a priori against another dry CBL case with a different bulk stability,and a shallow-cumulus-topped boundary layer case.The model applies well to both cases,and notably shows good performance for the cloud layer.Based on the analysis of the flux forcings and the optimized pressure model,a scale-adaptive turbulence model for the gray zone is derived from the steady-state flux budgets.

关键词： convective boundary layer gray zone flux budget pressure covariance turbulence parameterization

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Measurement of serum zinc improves prostate cancer detection efficiency in patients with PSA levels between 4 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2005年第3期7卷 323-328页

作者： Xiao-Meng Li Ling Zhang Jiang Li Yang Li Hong-Liang Wang Guo-Yi Ji Masaaki Kuwahara Xue-Jian Zhao Department of Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Department of Prosthodentics Dental School Jilin University Changchun 130021 China Department of Urology Miyagi Prefecture Cancer Center Natori 981-1293 Japan

Aim： To investigate whether the measurement of serum zinc may improve the detection of prostate cancer （PCa） in men who had total prostate-specific antigen （PSA） levels higher than 4.1 ng/mL. Methods： A mass screening for PCa of 3940 men over 50 years old was undertaken using total serum PSA. Of the 190 men （4.8 %） with elevated PSA, 143 （3.6 %） underwent a transrectal ultrasonography （TRUS）-guided biopsy of the prostate, and 42 men （1% of total and 29.3 % of men undergoing biopsy） were found to have cancer. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves （ROC-AUC） were used to compare the diagnostic power of cancer detection by means of serum zinc, and free PSA/total PSA ratio （fit）. Results： The men with levels of serum zinc that ranged from 40 ng/mL-60 ng/mL, had an age-adjusted odds ratios（OR） of 5.0. A cutoff value of 100 gg/mL for-serum zinc concentration provided a sensitivity of 90.5 % and a specificity of 32.7 % in elevated PSA range, and a sensitivity of 93.3 % and specificity of 27.1% in gray zone, respectively. In the gray zone ranges of 4.1 ng/mL-10.0 ng/mL, the ROC-AUC for zinc was 73.0 % higher than 62.7 % of f/t PSA ratio and 56.7 % of total PSA. Conclusion： PCa displays a lower serum zinc concentration. The measurement of zinc levels improves PCa detection in the gray zone compared with the f/t PSA ratio and total PSA. （Asian J Androl 2005 Sep; 7： 323-328）

关键词： prostate cancer prostate-specific antigen zinc gray zone

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Clinical Application of Free/Total Prostate Specific Antigen Ratio for Diagnosing Prostate Cancer in Western Chinese Men over 50years with Total PSA Levels of 2.0-25.0 ng/ml

Clinical Application of Free/Total Prostate Specific Antigen...

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2021年中国肿瘤标志物学术大会暨第十五届肿瘤标志物青...

作者： Xuedan Gao Qiang Miao Junlong Zhang Jianzhao Zhai Xuemei Gui Yihan Cai Bei Cai West China Hospital of Sichuan University Nan'an Chinese Medicine Hospital

Objective: To investigate the clinical application of free to total prostate specific antigen（f/t PSA） ratio with a new broad serum Total-PSA（T-PSA） "gray zone" of 2.0-25.0 ng/ml in differentially diagnosing Prostate cancer（PCa） from benign prostate diseases（BPD） in Western Chinese men over 50 years.Methods: We included 1655 patients including 528 PCa and 1127 BPD, and analyzed their T-PSA, FreePSA（F-PSA） and f/t PSA. Receiver operating characteristic curves according to age, T-PSA level,TNM stage and prognosis stage were used to assess the efficiency of PSA and f/t PSA.Results: There were 47.4% PCa patients with T-PSA of 2.0-25.0 ng/ml. When T-PSA were 2.0-4.0, 4.0-10.0, 10.0-25.0, 25.0-50.0 and 50.0-100.0 ng/ml, the AUCs of f/t PSA were 0.749, 0.769, 0.761, 0.590 and 0.603 respectively. And f/t PSA ratio acquired the best AUC of 0.811 in T-PSA 2.0-25.0 ng/ml with specificity of 73.2%, sensitivity of 78.8% and an optimal cut-off value of 15.501. The AUCs of f/t PSA ratio in four age groups（50-59 yr, 60-69 yr,70-79 yr and ≥80 yr） were 0.767, 0.806, 0.815 and0.833, respectively, the best sensitivity（85.7%） and specificity（80.2%） was appeared in age over 80 yr.The trend of T-PSA was in accordance with Gleason score, TNM stage, and AJCC prognosis group with spearman correlation coefficient of 0.243, 0.273, 0.363（P＜0.05）.Conclusion: The f/t PSA ratio can significantly improve accuracy of differential diagnosis between PCa and BPD in a new broad T-PSA "gray zone" of 2.0-25.0 ng/ml in Western Chinese Men. And T-PSA can also be used as Gleason score and prognosis prediction indicators.

关键词： Total prostate specific antigen free/total PSA ratio gray zone prostate cancer

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