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Glutamine and glutamate supplementation raise milk glutamine concentrations in lactating gilts

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2012年第1期3卷 25-31页

作者： Helena Emilia CCC Manso Helio C Manso Filho Luiz E de Carvalho Marianne Kutschenko Eduardo T Nogueira Malcolm Watford Department of Animal Sciences Rural Federal University of PernambucoRecifePE52171-900Brazil Departament of Animal Sciences Federal University of CearáFortalezaCE60020-181Brazil Ajinomoto do Brazil S oPauloSP04015-001Brazil Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJ08901USA.

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in milk, and lactation is associated with increased glutamine utilization both for milk synthesis and as a fuel for the enlarged small intestine. A number of recent studies have indicated that lactation is accompanied by a mild catabolic state in which skeletal muscle proteins are degraded to provide amino acids that are used to synthesize additional glutamine. In this study we tested the hypothesis that supplemental L-glutamine or the commercially available glutamine supplement Aminogut （2.5% by weight mixed into daily feed） provided to gilts from 30 days prior to parturition until 21 days post-parturition would prevent a decrease in skeletal muscle glutamine while increasing the glutamine content of the milk. Muscle glutamine content decreased （P 〈 0.05） in control animals during lactation but this was prevented by supplementation with either L-glutamine or Aminogut. In this study, neither lactation nor supplementation had any effect on plasma glutamine or glutamate content. Free glutamine, and the total glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from the control and the Aminogut group rose （P 〈 0.05） during the first 7 days of lactation, with milk concentrations in the L-glutamine supplemented group showing a similar trend （P = 0.053）. Milk glutamate remained constant between day 7 and 21 of lactation in the control and L-glutamine supplemented groups, but by day 21 of lactation the free glutamine, glutamate, and glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from Aminogut-treated gilts were higher than those of control gilts. Thus dietary glutamine supplementation can alleviate the fall in intramuscular glutamine content during lactation in gilts, and may alleviate some of the catabolic effects of lactation. Furthermore, the increased milk glutamine content in the supplemented gilts may provide optimum nutrition for piglet development.

关键词： glutamate glutamine lactation milk pig skeletal muscle

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Dietary glutamine,glutamate,and aspartate supplementation improves hepatic lipid metabolism in post-weaning piglets

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Animal Nutrition 2020年第2期6卷 124-129页

作者： Ming Qi Jing Wanga Bi'e Tan Jianjun Li Simeng Liao Yanhong Liu Yulong Yin Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionNational Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry ProductionInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of SciencesChangsha 410125China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100008China Department of Animal Science University of CaliforniaDavis 95616CAUSA

A previous study has demonstrated that early weaning significantly suppressed hepatic glucose metabolism in piglets.glutamate(Glu),aspartate(Asp)and glutamine(Gln)are major metabolic fuels for the small intestine and can alleviate weaning stress,and therefore might improve hepatic energy metabolism.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of Glu,Asp and Gln on the expression of hepatic genes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism in post-weaning piglets.Thirty-six weaned piglets were assigned to the following treatments:control diet(Control;basal diet+15.90 g/kg alanine);Asp,Gln and Glu-supplemented diet(Control+AA;basal diet+1.00 g/kg Asp+5.00 g/kg Glu+10.00 g/kg Gln);and the energy-restricted diet supplemented with Asp,Gln and Glu(Energy^-+AA;energy deficient diet+1.00 g/kg Asp+5.00 g/kg Glu+10.00 g/kg Gln),Liver samples were obtained on d 5 and 21 post-weaning.Piglets fed Energy^-+AA diet had higher liver mRNA abundances of acyl-CoA oxidase 1(ACOX1),succinate dehydrogenase(SDH),mitochondrial transcription factor A(TFAM)and sirtuin 1(SIRT1),as well as higher protein expression of serine/threonine protein kinase 11(LKB1),phosphor-acetyl-CoA carboxylase(P-ACC)and SIRT1 compared with piglets fed control diet(P<0.05)on d 5 post-weaning.Control+AA diet increased liver malic enzyme 1(ME1)and SIRT1 mRNA levels,as well as protein expression of LKBl and P-ACC on d 5 post-weaning(P<0.05).On d 21 post-weaning,compared to control group,Glu,Gln and Asp supplementation up-regulated the mRNA levels of ACOX1,ME1 and SIRT1(P<0.05).These findings indicated that dietary Glu,Gln and Asp supplementation could improve hepatic lipid metabolism to some extent,which may provide nutritional intervention for the insufficient energy intake after weaning in piglets.

关键词： glutamate Aspartate Glutamine Post-weaning piglets Hepatic lipid metabolism

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Effect of Thiopental Sodium on the Release of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric Acid from Rats Prefrontal Cortical Synaptosomes

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Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences) 2004年第6期24卷 602-604页

作者：刘红亮姚尚龙 Department of Anesthesiology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China

Summary: To investigate the effect of thiopental sodium on the release of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from synaptosomes in the prefrontal cortex, synaptosomes were made, the spontaneous release and the evoked release by 30 mmol/L KCl or 20 μmol/L veratridine of glutamate and GABA were performed under various concentrations of thiopental sodium (10-300 μmol/L), glutamate and GABA concentrations were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results showed that spontaneous release and evoked release of glutamate were significantly inhibited by 30 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L thiopental sodium, IC50 of thiopental sodium was 25.8±2.3 μmol/L for the spontaneous release, 23.4±2.4 μmol/L for KCl-evoked release, and 24.3±1.8 μmol/L for veratridine-evoked release. But GABA spontaneous release and evoked release were unaffected. The study showed that thiopental sodium with clinically related concentrations could inhibit the release of glutamate, but had no effect on the release of GABA from rats prefrontal cortical synaptosomes.

关键词： thiopentone synaptosomes prefrontal cortex glutamate GABA

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Rapid Inhibition of the glutamate-induced Increase of Intracellular Free Calcium by Magnesium in Rat Hippocampal Neurons

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Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences) 2004年第5期24卷 424-426页

作者：张蕲胡波孙圣刚邓学军梅元武童萼塘 Department of Phathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China

By using Fura-2/AM, the effects of magnesium (Mg 2+) on the glutamate-induced increase of intracellular free calcium ([Ca 2+]i) in the cultured hippocampal neurons and the features were investigated by integrated photoelectric detecting system. The experiments were designed to three groups (The drug was spit to the cells for 20 s): Group A receiving 1×10 —5 mol/L glutamate; Group B receiving 1×10 —5 mol/L glutamate and1×10 —5 mol/L Mg 2+ simultaneously; Group C receiving 1×10 —5 mol/L glutamate again after [Ca 2+]i in group B back to the baseline. The results showed that in group A, [Ca 2+]i was obviously increased. In group B, the changes in [Ca 2+]i and the peak value were significantly decreased. Moreover, the elevation of Phase 1 was slowed down and Phase 2 was shortened to some extent, and the plateau phase between them was relatively prolonged. In group C, calcium oscillation similar to that in group A occurred, but both the Phase 1 and Phase 2 were shortened and the △[Ca 2+]i was slightly decreased. It was suggested that Mg 2+ could quickly inhibit the rise of [Ca 2+]i induced by glutamate in the cultured hippocampal neurons in rats.

关键词： magnesium glutamate intracellular free calcium

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Excitotoxic Effects of glutamate on Cochlear Organotypic Cultures

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Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences) 2015年第1期35卷 117-121页

作者：胡姚周柳青鲁海涛袁琨龚树生 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Wuhan Central Hospital Department of Otorhinolaryngology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Otorhinolaryngology Jingzhou Central Hospital Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Affiliated Beijing Tongren Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology

glutamate（Glu） is the major afferent excitatory neurotransmitter in the auditory system, and excessive Glu may play an important role in cochlear dysfunction. It is unclear how excessive Glu plays roles in cochlear dysfunction in cochlear organotypic cultures. In this study neonatal rat cochlear organotypic cultures were prepared, and then the cochlear tissues were incubated with a new medium containing specific concentrations of Glu（0.1, 0.5, 1, 10 or 20 mmol/L） for 24 h, or incubated with the medium containing a concentration of 20 mmol/L Glu for 6, 12, 24 or 72 h, respectively. It was found that when the cochlear tissues were cultured for 24 h, the inner hair cells（IHCs） were damaged at the concentration of 0.5 mmol/L Glu, and with the increases of the concentrations, the injury was gradually aggravated, and 20 mmol/L Glu resulted in the significant loss of IHCs. In the 20 mmol/L Glu groups, the stereocilia bundles were missing or disarrayed on a few IHCs after culture for 6 h and the damage effect was time-dependent. The missing of IHCs was more significant in the basal turn of the cochlea than in the middle turn of the cochlea under the same concentration of Glu exposure. These results suggest that excessive exogenous Glu affects the morphology of IHCs, but not affects the outer hair cells（OHCs） in cochlear organotypic cultures, and the excitotoxic effects are different on IHCs of different parts of the cochlea under the same concentration of Glu exposure.

关键词： cochlear organotypic culture excitotoxic effects glutamate

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Effect of subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia on glutamate transporte GLAST and GLT-1 expressions in rabbits

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2015年第7期8卷 562-565页

作者： Ke-Qing Xiao Mei Xiao Li Meng Xiang-Yang Du Jing Hu Bao-Feng Gao Wen-Qiang Yu Xin-Jie Wang Yan-Lin Ban Department of Anesthesiology Shandong Provincial Hospital Division of Preventive Medicine Third People's Hospital of Pingdu city Shandong Province Chest Hospital Department of Respiratory Diseases of Jinan city Department of Anesthesiology Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University in Shandong Province

Objective: To observe the effect of subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia on glutamate transporter glutamate-aspartate transporter(GLAST) and GLT-1 expressions in rabbits, and to investigate the effect of peripheral nerve anesthesia on the morphology and function of the spinal cord. Methods: Twenty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and control group; with 10 rabbits in each group. For spinal nerve anesthesia, 5 g/L of bupivacaine was used in the experimental group, and sterile saline was used in the control group. After 30 min of cardiac perfusion, GLAST and GLT-1 protein expression in spinal neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Results: GLAST and GLT-1 protein-positive cells increased in neurons in the experimental group, compared with the control group(Pglutamate transporter GLAST and GLT-1 expression is increased; and spinal cord nerve cell function is inhibited.

关键词： Subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia glutamate transporter GLAST GLT-1

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Infant guinea pig retina model of glutamate toxicity and intervention of basic fibroblast growth factor

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Neural Regeneration Research 2011年第7期6卷 534-541页

作者： Yunzhi Shi Lihua Wei Mingshan Song Min Chen Changqing Du Baoliang Sun Department of Histology and Embryology Taishan Medical College Taian 271000 Shandong Province China Department of Urology Taian Central Hospital Taian 271000 Shandong Province China Department of Foreign Language Taishan Medical College Taian 271000 Shandong Province China Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation at the Universities of Shandong Department of Neurology Affiliated Hospital of Taishan MedicalCollege Taian 271000 Shandong Province China

Impaired vision with oligemic ophthalmopathy is a result of excitotoxicity caused by excitatory amino acids, resulting in pathological changes, such as loss of retinal neurons and in particular retinal ganglionic cells. The present study utilized infant guinea pigs, aged 45-50 days, to establish injury models via intraperitoneal injection of fixed sodium glutamate doses. Results from hematoxylin- eosin staining revealed significantly reduced retinal ganglionic cell numbers and retinal damage at 10 days after 7 consecutive days of 3 g/kg sodium glutamate treatment; these animals served as the injury model group. In addition, models of moderate injury （glutamate 3 g/kg daily, for 7 consecutive days） were intraperitoneally pretreated with basic fibroblast growth factor （800 U/kg daily）. Immunohistochemistry results confirmed reduced anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 expression in the ganglion cell layer of glutamate-injured guinea pigs. Expression of the pro-apoptotic gene caspase-3 was increased in the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer. Somatostatin expression was primarily distributed in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. Expression of the presynaptic element synaptophysin was weak. However, following basic fibroblast growth factor injection, expressions of the above-described bioactive molecules were reversed, which suggested that basic fibroblast growth factor exerted protective effects on sodium glutamate-induced retinal injury in infant guinea pigs by regulating expression of synaptophysin, somatostatin, Bcl-2, and caspase-3.

关键词： synaptophysin somatostatin apoptosis-related genes basic fibroblast growth factor glutamate retina

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c-Fos expression within the L_5 spinal cord dorsal horn after spinal nerve ligation in rats Is intraplantar administration of glutamate different from intrathecal administration?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2010年第6期5卷 450-455页

作者： Youhong Jin Hongshui Zhu Zhihua Li Dongfang Li Jianhua Hu Motohide TakemuraO Norifumi YoneharaO Department of Anatomy Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi ProvinceChina Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry Suita 565-0871 Japan Divisions of Pharmacology Ohu University School of Pharmaceutical Science Koriyama Fukushima 963-8611 Japan

BACKGROUND： Injection of glutamate （Glu） in normal animals can cause neuronal c-Fos expression; however, whether Glu can induce spinal neuronal c-Fos expression in pain models is unclear. OBJECTIVE： To examine the effects of intraplantar and intrathecal injection of Glu on c-Fos expression in the L5 spinal cord dorsal horn Ⅰ/Ⅱ and Ⅲ/Ⅳ layers after spinal nerve ligation, and to study the effects of the N-methyI-D-aspartic acid （NMDA） receptor antagonist, D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate （D-AP5）, and a selective group I mGluR antagonist, 7-hydroyiminocyclo propan[a]chromen-lacarboxylic acid ethyl ester （cpccoEt）. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled animal study was performed at the Department of Pharmacology, Oral Anatomy, and Neurobiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, from December 2005 to December 2006. MATERIALS： Glu （5 μmol）, D-AP5 （50 nmot） and cpccoEt （250 nmol） were provided by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan, and diluted in saline （50 μL）. The pH of all solutions was adjusted to 7.4. METHODS： Twelve rats were randomly divided into sham operation （n = 6） and spinal nerve ligation （SNL; n = 6） groups for behavioral assessments of neuropathic pain after ligation surgery of the left L5-6 nerve segment. Another 60 rats were randomly divided into sham operation, SNL, saline-intraplantar, saline-intrathecal, Glu-intraplantar, Glu-intrathecal, D-AP5-intrathecal, Glu-D-AP5-intrathecal, cpccoEt-intrathecal, and Glu-cpccoEt-intrathecal groups, with 6 rats in each group. All groups except sham operation group received a similar SNL. On day 14, rats received a 50-μL injection of saline, Glu, D-AP5, and/or cpccoEt into the left intraplantar or intrathecal L5-4 segments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The number of c-Fos positive neurons in both Ⅰ/Ⅱ and Ⅲ/Ⅳ spinal layers at L6 was observed using immunohistochemistry 2 hours after administration. RESULTS：（1） SNL increased the level of c-Fos expression in two sides of the spinal cord, particularly on Ⅲ/Ⅳ spinal layers of the ligated side

关键词： spinal cord nerve ligation glutamate c-Fos metabotropic glutamate receptors intrathecal administration intraplantar administration

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Sodium glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid affect iron metabolism in the rat caudate putamen

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Neural Regeneration Research 2010年第21期5卷 1644-1649页

作者： Na Wang Peng Guan Fei Li Yujian Fu Xianglin Duan Yanzhong Chang Institute of Molecular Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050016 Hebei Province China Department of Basic Courses Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050091 Hebei Province China

Glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） influence iron content in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus, although the mechanisms of action remain unclear. The present study measured iron content and changes in divalent metal transporter 1 （DMT1） and hephaestin expression in the substantia nigra and caudate putamen, and explored the effects of GABA and glutamic acid on iron metabolism. Results demonstrated that iron content and DMT1 non iron response element [DMT1 （-IRE）] expression were significantly greater but hephaestin expression was significantly lower in the caudate putamen of the monosodium glutamate group compared with the control group. No significant difference in iron content was detected between the GABA and control groups. DMT1 （-IRE） expression was significantly reduced, but hephaestin expressiori was significantly increased in the GABA group compared with the control group. In addition, there was no significant difference in tyrosine hydroxylase expression between monosodium glutamate and GABA groups and the control group. These results suggested that glutamate affected iron metabolism in the caudate putamen by increasing DMTI（-IRE） and decreasing hephaestin expression. In addition, GABA decreased DMT1 （-IRE） expression in the caudate putamen.

关键词： glutamate gamma-aminobutyric acid tyrosine hydroxylase divalent metal transporter 1 non iron response element hephaestin

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An implantable microelectrode array for simultaneous L-glutamate and electrophysiological recordings in vivo

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2015年第1期1卷 159-164页

作者： Wenjing Wei Yilin Song Li Wang Song Zhang Jinping Luo Shengwei Xu Xinxia Cai State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology Institute of ElectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

L-glutamate,the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS),is associated with a wide range of neurological diseases.Because neurons in CNS communicate with each other both electrically and chemically,dualmode(electric and chemical)analytical techniques with high spatiotemporal resolution are required to better understand glutamate function in vivo.In the present study,a silicon-based implantable microelectrode array(MEA)composed of both platinum electrochemical and electrophysiological microelectrodes was fabricated using micro-electromechanical system.In the MEA probe,the electrophysiological electrodes have a low impedance of 0.018 MΩat 1 kHz,and the electrochemical electrodes show a sensitivity of 56 pAμM^(−1) to glutamate and have a detection limit of 0.5μM.The MEA probe was used to monitor extracellular glutamate levels,spikes and local field potentials(LFPs)in the striatum of anaesthetised rats.To explore the potential of the MEA probe,the rats were administered to KCl via intraperitoneal injection.K+significantly increases extracellular glutamate levels,LFP low-beta range(12–18 Hz)power and spike firing rates with a similar temporal profile,indicating that the MEA probe is capable of detecting dual-mode neuronal signals.It was concluded that the MEA probe can help reveal mechanisms of neural physiology and pathology in vivo.

关键词： MEMS implantable microelectrode array glutamate electrophysiological detection in vivo

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