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Exploration of the environmental and socioeconomic implications of HCFC-22 phase-out for Botswana

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2021年第1期12卷 108-118页

作者： Bongayi KUDOMA Memory TEKERE Department of Environmental Sciences School of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversity of South Africa(UNISA)Florida1710South Africa Department of Safety Management BA ISAGO UniversityFrancistown267Botswana

Climate change and ozone depletion are topics challenging the world over and are both attributed mainly to human activities,particularly emissions of ozone depleting substances.One such substance is chlorodifluoromethane(HCFC-22),a cheap,widely used refrigerant with a high global warming potential and a chemical target for phase-out under the Montreal protocol.Botswana like all signatory countries to the Montreal Protocol is required to develop and implement a country-level Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plan(HPMP).This study focused on evaluating the environmental and socioeconomic implications of phasing out HCFC-22 in Botswana.A census of nine HCFC-22-importing companies was conducted and probability sampling proportional to company size was used to select a sample of 159 respondents from the Department of Meteorological Services,Customs officers and HCFC-22 Industrial consumers.Annual HCFC-22 importation figures for Botswana in 2009-2017 from the National Ozone Unit were analysed.It emerged that HCFC-22 phase-out had reduced HCFC-22 consumption by approximately 510,400 kg in 2011-2017,translating to 28,072 ozone depleting potential(ODP)saved.Also,the HCFC-22 phase-out plan saved the country 128 kW h of electricity for 2009-2017.While decreasing demand for HCFC-22,the HPMP had correspondingly occasioned the higher replacement and servicing costs of HCFC-22-compliant equipment,as HCFC-22 substitutes cost more.To deter use of HCFC-22 and promote phase-out,the price of substitute refrigerants can be made less expensive than HCFC-22.Participating stakeholders attest that HCFC-22 phase-out has positive social benefits such as raising community awareness of the ozone depleting phase-out.As a recommendation,the government of Botswana could offer a number of incentives towards HCFC-22 substitutes uptake in order to give impetus to technology transfer.

关键词： Botswana HCFC-22 phase-out Hydrochlorofluorocarbon phase-out management plan Ozone depleting substance Montreal protocol global warming

Effects of balancing selection and microhabitat temperature variations on heat tolerance of the intertidal black mussel Septifer virgatus

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Integrative Zoology 2020年第5期15卷 416-427页

作者： Guodong HAN Wei WANG Yunwei DONG The Dongshan Marine Observation and Research Station of Fujian province(Xiamen University) Fujian 363000China College of Life Science Yantai UniversityShandong 264005China Fisheries College Ocean University of ChinaShandong 266003China

Realistic assessments of the impacts of global warming on population extinction risk are likely to require an integrated analysis of the roles of standing genetic variation,microhabitat thermal complexity,and the inter-individual variation of heat tolerance due to both genetic differences and seasonal acclimatization effects.Here,we examine whether balancing selection and microhabitat temperature heterogeneity can interact to enhance the population persistence to thermal stress for the black mussel Septifer virgatus.We deployed biomimetic data loggers on the shore to measure the microhabitat-specific thermal variation from June 2014 to April 2016.Thermal tolerance of specimens was indexed by measuring effects of temperature on heart rate.Genotyping of specimens was performed using double digestion restriction association RADSeq(ddRADseq).Our results show that inter-individual variations in thermal tolerance correlate significantly with genetic differences at some specific gene loci,and that heterozygotes have higher thermal tolerances than homozygotes.The observed seasonal changes in genotype frequency suggest that these loci are under balancing selection.The ability of thermally resistant heterozygotes to survive in sun-exposed microhabitats acts to balance the loss of homozygotes during summer and enable the persistence of genetic polymorphisms.Population persistence of the mussel is also facilitated by the micro-scale variation in temperature,which provides refugia from thermal stress.Our results emphasize that inter-individual variation in thermal tolerance and in microhabitat heterogeneity in temperature are important for the persistence of populations in rocky shore habitats.

关键词： evolutionary adaptation global warming intertidal species microhabitat heterogeneity in temperature thermal stress

Carbon cycle in the Arctic terrestrial ecosystems in relation to the global warming

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Chinese Journal of Polar Science 1998年第2期9卷 14-22页

作者：方精云费松林

The relationship between the global warming and carbon cycle in the Arctic terrestrial ecosystem was discussed based on a literature survey. As a result, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4) concentrations increased markedly during the past few centuries. The increase in concentration of these greenhouse gases was coupled with the global warming. Summer temperature in the Arctic regions showed a rapid rising. The Arctic soil is a huge organic carbon pool, with a mean estimate of 355×10 9 tC, being 23.7% 32.3% of global soil carbon pool. At present the Arctic terretrial ecosystem is functioning as a sink of atmospheric CO 2. The rising global temperature resulting from an increase in atmospheric CO 2 would influence markedly the Arctic soil carbon and CO 2 source/sink relation of the Arctic ecosystems.

关键词： Arctic terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle global warming soil carbon pool.

Vegetation phenology and its ecohydrological implications from individual to global scales

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Geography and Sustainability 2022年第4期3卷 334-338页

作者： Shouzhi Chen Yongshuo H.Fu Fanghua Hao Xiaoyan Li Sha Zhou Changming Liu Jing Tang College of Water Sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Central China Normal UniversityWuhan 430079China State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Water Cycle and Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund UniversitySölvegatan 12SE-22362LundSweden Terrestrial Ecology Section Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen DK-2100Denmark

The Earth is experiencing unprecedented climate change.Vegetation phenology has already showed strong response to the global warming,which alters mass and energy fluxes on terrestrial ecosystems.With technology and method developments in remote sensing,computer science and citizen science,many recent phenology-related studies have been focused on macrophenology.In this perspective,we 1)reviewed the responses of vegetation phenology to climate change and its impacts on carbon cycling,and reported that the effect of shifted phenology on the terrestrial carbon fluxes is substantially different between spring and autumn;2)elaborated how vegetation phenology affects ecohydrological processes at different scales,and further listed the key issues for each scale,i.e.,focusing on seasonal effect,local feedbacks and regional vapor transport for individual,watershed and global respectively);3)envisioned the potentials to improve current hydrological models by coupling vegetation phenology-related processes,in combining with machine learning,deep learning and scale transformation methods.We propose that comprehensive understanding of climate-macrophenology-hydrology interactions are essential and urgently needed for enhancing our understanding of the ecosystem response and its role in hydrological cycle under future climate change.

关键词： global warming Marcophenology Carbon balance Ecohydrology

Effect of drainage on CO_2, CH_4, and N_2O fluxes from aquaculture ponds during winter in a subtropical estuary of China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第3期30卷 72-82页

作者： Ping Yang Derrick Y.F Lai Jia F.Huang Chuan Tong School of Geographical Sciences Fujian Normal University Key Laboratory of Humid Sub-tropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education of China Fujian Normal University Department of Geography and Resource Management and Centre for Environmental Policy and Resource ManagementThe Chinese University of Hong Kong

Aquaculture ponds are dominant features of the landscape in the coastal zone of China.Generally,aquaculture ponds are drained during the non-culture period in winter.However,the effects of such drainage on the production and flux of greenhouse gases（GHGs）from aquaculture ponds are largely unknown.In the present study,field-based research was performed to compare the GHG fluxes between one drained pond（DP,with a water depth of 0.05 m）and one undrained pond（UDP,with a water depth of 1.16 m）during one winter in the Min River estuary of southeast China.Over the entire study period,the mean CO2flux in the DP was（0.75±0.12）mmol/（m^2·hr）,which was significantly higher than that in the UDP of（-0.49±0.09）mmol/（m^2·hr）（p0.01）.This indicates that drainage drastically transforms aquaculture ponds from a net sink to a net source of CO2in winter.Mean CH4and N2O emissions were significantly higher in the DP compared to those in the UDP（CH4=（0.66±0.31）vs.（0.07±0.06）mmol/（m^2·hr）and N2O=（19.54±2.08）vs.（0.01±0.04）μmol/（m^2·hr））（p〈0.01）,suggesting that drainage would also significantly enhance CH4and N2O emissions.Changes in environmental variables（including sediment temperature,p H,salinity,redox status,and water depth）contributed significantly to the enhanced GHG emissions following pond drainage.Furthermore,analysis of the sustained-flux global warming and cooling potentials indicated that the combined global warming potentials of the GHG fluxes were significantly higher in the DP than in the UDP（p〈0.01）,with values of739.18 and 26.46 mg CO2-eq/（m^2·hr）,respectively.Our findings suggested that drainage of aquaculture ponds can increase the emissions of potent GHGs from the coastal zone of China to the atmosphere during winter,further aggravating the problem of global warming.

关键词： Aquaculture pond Drainage management Greenhouse gas flux global warming Min River estuary

Variation in adult stress resistance does not explain vulnerability to climate change in copper butterflies

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Insect Science 2018年第5期25卷 894-904页

作者： Michael Klockmann Leonard Wallmeyer Klaus Fischer Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany

Ongoing climate change is a major threat to biodiversity. However, although many species clearly suffer from ongoing climate change, others benefit from it, for exam- ple, by showing range expansions. However, which specific features determine a species＇ vulnerability to climate change？ Phenotypic plasticity, which has been described as the first line of defence against environmental change, may be of utmost importance here. Against this background, we here compare plasticity in stress tolerance in 3 copper butter- fly species, which differ arguably in their vulnerability to climate change. Specifically, we investigated heat, cold and desiccation resistance after acclimatization to different temper- atures in the adult stage. We demonstrate that acclimation at a higher temperature increased heat but decreased cold tolerance and desiccation resistance. Contrary to our predictions, species did not show pronounced variation in stress resistance, though plastic capacities in temperature stress resistance did vary across species. Overall, our results seemed to reflect population--rather than species-specific patterns. We conclude that the geographical ori- gin of the populations used should be considered even in comparative studies. However, our results suggest that, in the 3 species studied here, vulnerability to climate change is not in the first place determined by stress resistance in the adult stage. As entomological studies focus all too often on adults only, we argue that more research effort should be dedicated to other developmental stages when trying to understand insect responses to environmental change.

关键词： cold resistance environmental stress global warming heat resistance Ly-caena species plasticity

中新世气候适宜期构造运动加速全球海洋碳循环

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Science Bulletin 2024年第6期69卷 823-832页

作者：刘丰豪杜金龙黄恩清马文涛马小林 Lucas J.Lourens 田军 State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’an 710061China Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrecht CB 3584Netherlands

global warming during the Miocene Climate Optimum(MCO,~17-14 million years ago)is associated with massive carbon emissions sourced from the flood basalt volcanism and ocean crustal production.However,the perturbation of tectonic carbon degassing on the interaction between climate change and carbon cycle remains unclear.Here,through time-evolutive phase analysis of new and published high-resolution benthic foraminiferal oxygen(δ^(18)O)and carbon(δ^(13)C)isotope records from the global ocean,we find that variations in the marine carbon cycle lead the climate-cryosphere system(δ^(13)Clead-δ^(18)O)on 405,000-year eccentricity timescales during the MCO.This is in contrast to the previously reported climate-lead-carbon(δ^(18)O-lead-δ^(13)C)scenario during most of the Oligo-Miocene(~34-6 million years ago).Further sensitivity analysis and model simulations suggest that the elevated atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations and the resulting greenhouse effect strengthened the low-latitude hydrological cycle during the MCO,accelerating the response of marine carbon cycle to eccentricity forcing.Tropical climate processes played a more important role in regulating carbon-cycle variations when Earth's climate was in a warm regime,as opposed to the dominant influence of polar ice-sheet dynamics during the PlioPleistocene(after~6 million years ago).

关键词： global warming Eccentricity cycle Carbon cycle Low-latitude hydrological cycle

Response of gaseous carbon emissions to low-level salinity increase in tidal marsh ecosystem of the Min River estuary,southeastern China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第2期29卷 210-222页

作者： Minjie Hu Hongchang Ren Peng Ren Jiabing Li Benjamin J.Wilson Chuan Tong School of Geographical Sciences Fujian Normal UniversityFuzhou 350007China Key Laboratory of Humid Sub-tropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education Fujian Normal UniversityFuzhou 350007China Research Centre of Wetlands in Subtropical Region Fujian Normal UniversityFuzhou 350007China School of Environmental Sciences Fujian Normal UniversityFuzhou 35000YChina Department of Biological Sciences Florida International UniversityMiamiFL 33199USA

Although estuarine tidal marshes are important contributors to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the relationship between carbon dioxide（CO2）, methane（CH4）emission, and environmental factors, with respect to estuarine marshes, has not been clarified thoroughly. This study investigated the crucial factors controlling the emission of CO2 and CH4from a freshwater marsh and a brackish marsh located in a subtropical estuary in southeastern China, as well as their magnitude. The duration of the study period was November 2013 to October 2014. Relevant to both the field and incubation experiments, the CO2 and CH4emissions from the two marshes showed pronounced seasonal variations. The CO2 and CH4emissions from both marshes demonstrated significant positive correlations with the air/soil temperature（p 〈 0.01）, but negative correlations with the soil electrical conductivity and the pore water/tide water Cl-and SO42- （p 〈 0.01）. The results indicate no significant difference in the CO2 emissions between the freshwater and brackish marshes in the subtropical estuary, whereas there was a difference in the CH4 emissions between the two sites（p 〈 0.01）. Although future sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion could reduce the CH4 emissions from the estuarine freshwater marshes, these factors had little effect on the CO2 emissions with respect to an increase in salinity of less than 5‰. The findings of this study could have important implications for estimating the global warming contributions of estuarine marshes along differing salinity gradients.

关键词： Greenhouse gases Salinity gradient global warming Tidal marsh Min River estuary

Effects of warming,wetting and nitrogen addition on substrate-induced respiration and temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration in a temperate forest soil

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Pedosphere 2021年第2期31卷 363-372页

作者： Mohammad MOONIS Jong-Kyu LEE Hyojin JIN Dong-Gill KIM Ji-Hyung PARK Department of Forest Environment Protection Kangwon National UniversityChuncheon 24341(Republic of Korea) Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Ewha Womans UniversitySeoul 03760(Republic of Korea) Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources Hawassa UniversityP.O.Box 128Shashemene(Ethiopia)

Soil heterotrophic respiration and its temperature sensitivity are affected by various climatic and environmental factors.However,little is known about the combined effects of concurrent climatic and environmental changes,such as climatic warming,changing precipitation regimes,and increasing nitrogen(N)deposition.Therefore,in this study,we investigated the individual and combined effects of warming,wetting,and N addition on soil heterotrophic respiration and temperature sensitivity.We incubated soils collected from a temperate forest in South Korea for 60 d at two temperature levels(15 and 20℃,representing the annual mean temperature of the study site and 5℃warming,respectively),three moisture levels(10%,28%,and 50%water-filled pore space(WFPS),representing dry,moist,and wet conditions,respectively),and two N levels(without N and with N addition equivalent to 50 kg N ha^(-1)year^(-1)).On day 30,soils were distributed across five different temperatures(10,15,20,25,and 30℃)for 24 h to determine short-term changes in temperature sensitivity(Q_(10),change in respiration with 10℃increase in temperature)of soil heterotrophic respiration.After completing the incubation on day 60,we measured substrate-induced respiration(SIR)by adding six labile substrates to the three types of treatments.Wetting treatment(increase from 28%to 50%WFPS)reduced SIR by 40.8%(3.77 to 2.23μg CO_(2)-C g^(-1)h^(-1)),but warming(increase from 15 to 20℃)and N addition increased SIR by 47.7%(3.77 to 5.57μg CO_(2)-C g^(-1)h^(-1))and 42.0%(3.77 to 5.35μg CO_(2)-C g^(-1)h^(-1)),respectively.A combination of any two treatments did not affect SIR,but the combination of three treatments reduced SIR by 42.4%(3.70 to 2.20μg CO_(2)-C g^(-1)h^(-1)).Wetting treatment increased Q_(10)by 25.0%(2.4 to 3.0).However,warming and N addition reduced Q_(10)by 37.5%(2.4 to 1.5)and 16.7%(2.4 to 2.0),respectively.warming coupled with wetting did not significantly change Q_(10),while warming coupled with N addition reduced Q_(10)by 33.3%(2.4 to 1.6).The combination of thr

关键词： carbon dioxide decomposition global warming soil moisture soil organic carbon soil respiration Q_(10)