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glacier area change (1993-2019) and its relationship to debris cover, proglacial lakes, and morphological parameters in the Chandra-Bhaga Basin, Western Himalaya, India

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第4期21卷 1287-1306页

作者： VATSAL Sarvagya AZAM Mohd Farooq BHARDWAJ Anshuman MANDAL Arindan BAHUGUNA Ishmohan RAMANATHAN Alagappan RAJU N.Janardhana TOMAR Sangita Singh Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology IndoreSimrol 453552India School of Geosciences University of AberdeenKing’s CollegeAberdeen AB243FXUnited Kingdom Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research Indian Institute of ScienceBengaluru 560012India Space Application Centre Ahmedabad 380015India School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi 110067India Department of Geography Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim No-7491Norway

glacier inventories serve as critical baseline data for understanding the impacts of climate change on glaciers.The present study maps the outlines of glaciers in the Chandra-Bhaga Basin(western Himalaya)for the years 1993,2000,2010,and 2019 using Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM),Enhanced Thematic Mapper(ETM),and Operational Land Imager(OLI)datasets.A total of 251 glaciers,each having an area above 0.5 km^(2),were identified,which include 216 clean-ice and 35 debris-covered glaciers.Area changes are estimated for three periods:1993-2000,2000-2010,and 2010-2019.The total glacierized area was 996±62 km^(2) in 1993,which decreased to 973±70 km^(2) in 2019.The mean rate of glacier area loss was higher in the recent decade(2010-2019),at 0.036 km^(2),compared to previous decades(0.029 km^(2) in 2000-2010 and 0.025 km^(2) in 1993-2000).Supraglacial debris cover changes are also mapped over the period of 1993 and 2019.It is found that the supraglacial debris cover increased by 14.12±2.54 km^(2)(15.2%)during 1993-2019.Extensive field surveys on Chhota Shigri,Panchi II,Patsio,Hamtah,Mulkila,and Yoche Lungpa glaciers were carried out to validate the glacier outlines and supraglacial debris cover estimated using satellite datasets.Controls of various morphological parameters on retreat were also analyzed.It is observed that small,clean ice,south oriented glaciers,and glaciers with proglacial lakes are losing area at faster rates than other glaciers in the basin.

关键词： glacier Area change Debris cover Morphology Proglacial lake

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The Observed Near-Surface Energy Exchange Processes over Arctic glacier in Summer

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2024年第3期38卷 600-607页

作者： Libo ZHOU Jinhuan ZHU Linlin KONG Peng LI Shupo MA Fei LI Han ZOU Meigen ZHANG Irina REPINA Department of Lower Atmospheric Observation and Research Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Weather Forecast Aviation Meteorological Centre of Air Traffic Management BureauCivil Aviation Administration of China A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)

Under Arctic warming, near-surface energy transfers have significantly changed, but few studies have focused on energy exchange over Arctic glacier due to limitations in available observations. In this study, the atmospheric energy exchange processes over the Arctic glacier surface were analyzed by using observational data obtained in summer 2019 in comparison with those over the Arctic tundra surface. The energy budget over the glacier greatly differed from that over the tundra, characterized by less net shortwave radiation and downward sensible heat flux,due to the high albedo and icy surface. Most of the incoming solar radiation was injected into the glacier in summer,leading to snow ice melting. During the observation period, strong daily variations in near-surface heat transfer occurred over the Arctic glacier, with the maximum downward and upward heat fluxes occurring on 2 and 6 July 2019,respectively. Further analyses suggested that the maximum downward heat flux is mainly caused by the strong local thermal contrast above the glacier surface, while the maximum upward heat transfer cannot be explained by the classical turbulent heat transfer theory, possibly caused by countergradient heat transfer. Our results indicated that the near-surface energy exchange processes over Arctic glacier may be strongly related to local forcings, but a more indepth investigation will be needed in the future when more observational data become available.

关键词： Arctic glacier tundra energy exchange processes

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Preserving glacier mass:Cellulosic LENZING^(TM) fibers provide snow and ice protection solution

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China Textile 2024年第1期 10-11页

In field trials on Austrian glaciers,nonwovens made of ce u osic LENZING^(TM) fibers are being used to cover glacier mass.They are showing promising results and offer a sustainable solution for glacier protection.Nonwovens containing fossilbased synthetic fibers might cause negative environmental consequences such as microplastics on glaciers.Geotextiles with ce u osic LENZINGTMfibers won the prestigious Swiss BIO TOP,an award for wood and material innovations.Geotextiles are already widely used to protect snow and ice on glaciers frommelting.

关键词： fibers glacier nonwoven

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Streamflow abrupt change and the driving factors in glacierized basins of Tarim Basin,Northwest China

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第1期15卷 75-89页

作者： Cheng-De YANG Min XU Shi-Chang KANG Cong-Sheng FU Wei ZHANG Di-Di HU State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences Nanjing Institute of Geography and LimnologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210000China

A climate transition towards warm-wet conditions in Northwest China has drawn much attention.With continuous climate change and universal glacier degradation,increasing water-related hazards and vulnerability have become one of the important problems facing the Tarim Basin.However,the impacts of the climate transition on streamflow abrupt change and extreme hydrological events were less discussed,especially in glacial basins.In the present study,the discharge datasets in four glacial basins of Tarim Basin from 1979 to 2018 were constructed using the GRU-GSWAT+model first.The differences in streamflow characteristics,the shift of hydrological extreme pattern,and potential changes of the controlling factors before and after the abrupt changes were investigated.The results indicated that the abrupt change point(ACP)in streamflow occurred in 2000 in the Qarqan River Basin,2002 in the Weigan River Basin,and 1994 in the Aksu River Basin and the Yarkant River Basin.A general decrease in streamflow before the ACP has shifted to a notable upward trend in the Qarqan River Basin and the Aksu River Basin,while minor upward fluctuations were observed in other basins.Moreover,the hydrological characteristics in extreme events vary dramatically before and after the ACPs,characterized by a pronouncing shift from drought-dominant pattern to wet events dominated pattern.The driven climate factors have been altered after the ACPs with notable spatial heterogeneity,in which temperature remained as the dominant role in meltwater-dominated basins while the influence of precipitation has increased after the ACPs,whereas the sensitivity of temperature on streamflow change has been enhanced in basins dominated by precipitation such as the Qarqan River Basin.Owing to the evident warming-wetting trend and glacier compensation effect,both the inter-annual and intra-annual streamflow fluctuations can be efficiently smoothed in basins with a high glacier area ratio(GAR).These findings provide a further understanding of the abrupt change in st

关键词： Abrupt change Streamflow Hybrid model Tarim Basin glacier

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气候变暖加剧全球冰川失稳灾害过程

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Science Bulletin 2024年第1期69卷 30-33页

作者：张太刚王伟财申子恒安宝晟 State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Environment and ResourcesInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Center for the Pan-Third Pole Environment Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China School of Science Tibet UniversityLhasa 850011China

glacier-related slope failures,including ice avalanches,ice-rock avalanches,glacier collapses,and rock avalanches on glaciers,are generally characterized by large collapse volumes,solid-liquid phase transition,and high mobility[1].They are one of the major types of geo-hazards in high mountain areas.glacier-related slope failures have cascading effects since they often evolve into glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs),debris flows,and dammed lakes,which significantly prolong and amplify the impacts of the hazard.Tragic slope failures have cumulatively claimed more than tens of thousands of lives.For example,the 1962 and 1970 Huascaran events in the Peruvian Andes caused approximately 20,000 deaths[2],and the 2021 Chamoli ice-rock avalanche in the Indian Himalayas left more than 200 people dead or missing[3].

关键词： rock glacier floods

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Changes in equilibrium-line altitude and implications for glacier evolution in the Asian high mountains in the 21st century

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第7期65卷 1308-1316页

作者： Keqin DUAN Tandong YAO Ninglian WANG Peihong SHI Yali MENG School of Geography and Tourism Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710062China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Northwest UniversityXi'an 710127China

In the context of global warming,glaciers in the Asian High Mountains(AHMs)are shrinking at an accelerating rate.Projecting their future change is helpful for understanding the hydrological and climatic effects related to glacier retreat.Here,we projected glacier change in the AHMs from 1979 to 2100 under shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)scenarios from the perspective of temperature,equilibrium-line altitude(ELA),and accumulation area.The annual mean temperature in the AHMs increased by 1.26℃ from 1979 to 2014,corresponding to an increase of 210 m in the mean ELA and a decrease of 1.7×10^(4)km^(2) in the glacier accumulation area.Under the SSP2-4.5(SSP5-8.5)scenario,the annual mean temperature in the AHMs would increase by 2.84℃(3.38℃)in 2040–2060 relative to that in 1850–1900,leading to the mean ELA reaching an elevation of5661 m(5777 m).The accumulation area in the AHMs decreased by 46.3%from 1995 to 2014 and was projected to decrease by60.1%in 2040–2060.Moreover,the annual mean temperature in the AHMs was projected to increase by 3.76℃(6.44℃)in2080–2100 relative to that in 1850–1900,corresponding to the ELA reaching an elevation of 5821 m(6245 m)and the accumulation area decreasing to 1.8×10^(4)km^(2)(0.5×10^(4)km^(2)).These data suggest that the conditions for glacier development will disappear in most of the AHMs,except for extreme high-altitude regions in the Tianshan,Pamir,and Himalaya Mountains.Under the SSP2-4.5(SSP5-8.5)scenario,when the global mean temperature increases 1.5℃(2℃)above pre-industrial levels,the annual mean temperature will increase by 2.12℃(2.86℃)and the accumulation area will decrease by 15%(48%)in the AHMs compared with that in 1995–2015.Therefore,a 1.5℃ increase in global warming would keep 40%more of the glacial accumulation area(1.5×10^(4)km^(2))in the AHMs compared to a 2℃ increase in global warming.

关键词： Asia High Mountains glacier Equilibrium-line altitude Accumulation area CMIP6

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Stability of the Hailuogou glacier during the“9.5”Luding Earthquake:a preliminary assessment based on multi-source observations

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第11期19卷 3037-3050页

作者： LIU Qiao ZHANG Bo ZHAO Bo ZHONG Yan LU Xue-yuan ZHOU Jian-min Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610299China Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene(C-CIA) Institute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Geneva1205 GenevaSwitzerland Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100094China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

On 5th September 2022,a magnitude Ms-6.8 earthquake occurred nearby Mt.Gongga,western Sichuan.The stability of the glaciers in east Mt.Gongga close to the epicenter was widely concerned due to the strong shake triggered by the earthquake.Using multi-source observations(including in-situ photographs,remote sensing datasets before and after the event),we carried out a preliminary assessment of the stability and hazard risks of the Hailuogou(HLG)glacier.Triggered by the earthquake,a small block of fractured ice at the lowest part of icefall collapsed.The magnitude of the coseismic ice avalanche was relatively small,which is comparable in size to most ice avalanches over the past seven years,but much less than the previous mapped largest one(03 April 2018,runout~699 m).One most recent large(runout~608 m)ice avalanche occurred between 01 and 04 September,just before the earthquake,likely unloaded large amount of ice mass and made a larger ice avalanche avoided during the earthquake shake.Nevertheless,the momentum of collapsed snow-icerock mass could be safely unloaded over a wide and gentler-slope ice tongue area,limiting its mobility and the risk of a cascading hazard.glacier-wide surface flow dynamics monitored by Sentinel-1 satellite SAR time series(12 September 2021–19 September 2022)show that HLG glacier velocity was generally consistent before and after the earthquake.The entire HLG glacier exhibited more stable than expected,with almost no abnormal features detected in its upper accumulation part,the lower ice tongue,and its lateral paraglacial slopes.Since the glacier valley has experienced remarkable downwasting and the paraglacial environment has been strongly disturbed and destabilized,we suggested that,to efficiently evaluate glacier-related cascading hazard risks,it is also necessary to systematically combine multi-source observations(e.g.,high-resolution UAV survey,radar/Lidar scan,ground investigation,monitoring and warning systems)to continuously monitor the regional glacier anomalies in the post-earth

关键词： Luding Earthquake Mt.Gongga glacier ice/snow avalanche Cryosphere hazards

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Cover Story

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第1期21卷 F0004-F0004页

The cover photo (29.534789°N,96.501984°E,2,400 m) in Journal of Mountain Science (Vol.21 No.1,2024) was taken by Dr.NIU Hewen in October 2021 during his field expedition to Bomi county,Tibet Autonomous Region,China.The glacier in the picture is one of the typical mountain glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau,even in the High Mountain Asia.This example of limited and fragile mountain glacier ecosystem(proglacial lake,glaciated landform,vegetation) can directly reflect extensive glacier shrinkage and retreat under the background of prevalent global warming.

关键词： glacier Tibetan Plateau

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glacier change in the Tanggula Mountains, Tibetan Plateau,in 1969-2015

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第11期16卷 2663-2678页

作者： DUAN Hong-yu YAO Xiao-jun LIU Shi-yin GAO Yong-peng QI Miao-miao LIU Juan ZHANG Da-hong LI Xiao-feng College of Geography and Environment Sciences Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou 730070China Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security Kunming 650091China Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security Yunnan University Kunming 650091China

To improve our knowledge of glacier change in the Tanggula Mountains located in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau,we delineated outlines of the glaciers in 1991 and 2015 using Landsat TM/OLI images and compared them with the reported glacier data in the First Chinese glacier Inventory in 1969 and the Second Chinese glacier Inventory in 2007.These comparisons showed that the glacier area and ice volume decreased by 524.8 km2 and 37 km3,respectively.The majority of the glacier area loss was concentrated in the area class of 1-5 km2,between 5300 m and 5500 m in elevation,on north and east facing slopes and in the Dam Qu River basin.These glacier changes exhibited spatial and temporal differences.The glacier retreat rate gradually increased from 1969 to 2015,and the rate in the east was higher than that in the west.From 1969 to 2015,the warming rate in the Tanggula Mountains was 0.38°C/10a,while the annual precipitation only increased by 0.4%.The slight increase in the amount of precipitation made a limited contribution to glacier change,while the change in temperature led to noticeable shrinkage of the glaciers.Contrary to the retreat or stagnation of most glaciers in the study area,there were 10 glaciers that experienced clear advance in 1986-2015 with noticeable increases in both area and length.Whether or not these 10 glaciers are surge glaciers requires further study.

关键词： glacier change glacier inventory Advancing glaciers Climate change Tanggula Mountains Tibetan Plateau

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glacier reconstruction of La Covacha Massif in Sierra de Gredos(central Spain) during the Last Glacial Maximum

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第6期16卷 1336-1352页

作者： Néstor CAMPOS David PALACIOS Luis M.TANARRO Department of Geography Complutense University of Madrid

A paleoglacier reconstruction during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) is presented for a high mountain area of La Covacha massif in Sierra de Gredos(Iberian Central System) in central Spain. The moraines that, according with the previous literature, had formed during the global LGM, were mapped through photo interpretation of digital aerial photographs and 3D images and detailed field surveys. The topography of the paleoglaciers was estimated using a simple steady-state model that assumed a perfectly plastic ice rheology, reconstructing the theoretical ice profiles and obtaining the ice thickness of the glaciers during the LGM. The reconstruction of the glaciers was carried out using automated and semi-automated physically-based models, obtaining more realistic results with semi-automated models. According to our study, the paleoglaciers in the study area covered an area of 34.79 km^2 during the global LGM, with a maximum ice thickness of 366 meters in La Vega gorge, a total volume of 34.25 × 108 m^3 and a mean paleoELA of 1932 meters. Most of the ice(~82%) was in paleoglaciers facing north, and the rest was in paleoglaciers with other orientations. This emphasizes the importance of orientation in relation to glacier dynamics and ice accumulation. The results obtained in the calculation of paleoELAs during the global LGM in Gredos are average compared to the Iberian mountains of the Northwest where the values were much lower, and with respect to those of the Southwest, much higher. This demonstrates the importance of the exposure of Mediterranean mountains to the humidity sources coming from the NW during the global LGM, as is the case at present.

关键词： glacier reconstruction Paleoglacier Ice thickness Equilibrium line altitude Iberian Central System

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