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Nine requirements for the origin of Earth’s life:Not at the hydrothermal vent, but in a nuclear geyser system

Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第4期10卷 1337-1357页

作者： Shigenori Maruyama Ken Kurokawa Toshikazu Ebisuzaki Yusuke Sawaki Konomi Suda M. Santosh Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 O-okayamaMeguro-kuTokyo 152-8551Japan Kochi University Kochi 780-8520Japan Novosibirsk State University Pirogova 1630090Russia Genome Evolution Laboratory National Institute of Genetics1111 YataMishimaShizuoka 411-8540Japan RIKEN 2-1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351-0198Japan Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Graduate School of Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-kuTokyo 152-8550Japan Department of Earth Science and Astronomy Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo3-8-1 KomabaMeguro-kuTokyo 153-8902Japan Geomicrobiology Research Group Institute for Geo-Resources and EnvironmentNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Central 71-1-1 HigashiTsukubaIbaraki 305-8567Japan Centre for Tectonics Resources and ExplorationDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of AdelaideSA 5005Australia School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences (Beijing)29 Xueyuan RoadBeijing 100083China

The origin of life on Earth remains enigmatic with diverse models and debates.Here we discuss essential requirements for the first emergence of life on our planet and propose the following nine requirements:(1)an energy source(ionizing radiation and thermal energy);(2)a supply of nutrients(P.K.REE.etc.);(3)a supply of life-constituting major elements;(4)a high concentration of reduced gases such as CH4,HCN and NH3;(5)dry-wet cycles to create membranes and polymerize RNA;(6)a non-toxic aqueous environment;(7)Na-poor water;(8)highly diversified environments,and(9)cyclic conditions,such as dayto-night,hot-to-cold etc.Based on these nine requirements,we evaluate previously proposed locations for the origin of Earth’s life,including:(1)Darwin’s"warm little pond",leading to a"prebiotic soup"for life;(2)panspermia or Neo-panspermia(succession model of panspermia);(3)transportation from/through Mars;(4)a deepsea hydrothermal system;(5)an on-land subduct ion-zone hot spring,and(6)a geyser systems driven by a natural nuclear reactor.We conclude that location(6)is the most ideal candidate for the o rigin point for Earth’s life because of its efficiency in continuously supplying both the energy and the necessary materials for life,thereby maintaining the essential"cradle"for its initial development.We also emphasize that falsifiable working hypothesis provides an important tool to evaluate one of the biggest mysteries of the universe-the origin of life.

关键词： Origin of Earth's life Nuclear geyser system Emergence and evolution of life Falsifiability

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A geyser in the Garden, Modeling Pressure and Temperature

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2017年第11期5卷 194-226页

作者： Jean-Baptiste Flieller Elias Suvanto Franck Lohner Matthieu Queval Physics Laboratory Gymnase Jean Sturm 8 Student’s Place Strasbourg France

Intrigued by videos of erupting geysers, we wished to find out how these wonders of nature work. The questions we asked were: how does a geyser operate? What causes its periodicity? What are its different eruptive phases? To answer these questions, we built a model of a geyser of variable height, while respecting the main characteristics of natural geysers. Using the model, we collected pressure and temperature data with sensors and a data acquisition card. In particular, we discovered how the duration of an eruptive cycle varies, why there is overpressure at the beginning of an eruption, and why some eruptions begin normally but then shift to a continuous boiling regime without replenishment. We also provide models for depressurization and for replenishment.

关键词： geyser Modelling Depressurization Overpressure BLEVE

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