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Exploring Heat Sources Using Gravimetric Data: A Case Study of Magadi geothermal Prospect, Kenya

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第5期12卷 147-161页

作者： Evance Odero John Githiri Maurice K’Orowe Department of Physics Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

Understanding the location of the subsurface heat sources is crucial for efficient geothermal resource exploration and exploitation. This study aimed to investigate the faults and the depth to heat sources for a geothermal system in Magadi, southern Rift Valley, through the integration of gravity mapping, 3D Euler deconvolution, and spectral analysis. Gravity mapping is a powerful geophysical method widely used to infer subsurface density variations, which are indicative of geological structures and volcanic intrusions that can be potential heat sources. The Volcano-Tectonic and Fluvial-Deltaic Sedimentation process of the Kenyan rift which encompasses the Magadi basin are responsible for geomorphic and geologic processes in the area. Alkali lava sheets of Magadi plateau trachytes covered with lacustrine sediments characterize 80% of the area. Deeper is the Tanzanian craton basement, overlain by Pliocene to Miocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. A gravity survey with a data density of 2.375 stations/km2 produced high-resolution anomaly and total horizontal derivative maps showing gravity highs between −180 mGals to −174 mGals along the eastern zone of the study area. A buried major fault trending N-S was delineated in the mid-upper region of the area by Euler solutions at an average depth of 350 meters. Deeper features associated with possible volcanic dykes and sills gave Euler depth ranges of 0.7 km to 2.2 km. Radial average spectral analysis showed depth to the top of shallow and deep features at 2.4694 km and 5.827 km respectively. The correlation between gravity anomalies, geological structures, and present hot springs supports the hypothesis that volcanic processes have played a significant role in the development of the geothermal system in the study area.

关键词： Gravity Mapping 3D Euler Spectral Analysis geothermal Magadi

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Seismic geothermal Resource Exploration based on CPU/GPU Collaborative Parallel Prestack Time Migration

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第5期96卷 1742-1751页

作者： LONG Xiting LIU Fei XIE Heping LIN Wenjing LIU Yanguang LI Cunbao Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Engineering Sciences and Green Energy Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and geothermal Energy Exploitation and Utilization College of Civil and Transportation EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Sichuan University State Key Lab Hydraul&Mt River EngnChengdu 610065China Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesShijiazhuang 050061China Sichuan University MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and EngineeringChengdu 610065China

geothermal resources exist in complex and comprehensive geological settings. In the current study, we proposed a CPU/GPU collaborative parallel prestack time migration methodology for geothermal resource exploration. First, seismic geological conditions in Xian County were obtained based on an analysis of drill cores for further seismic evaluation. Then,combined with the analysis of two-dimensional seismic data in the adjacent area, a test section with three seismic survey lines were designed to explore the geological structure of the study area. In the study area, the seismic data were derived through the multiple coverage reflection wave exploration method with explosive ignition in deep wells and high coverage frequency observations. Finally, we employed CPU/GPU collaborative parallel prestack time migration technology to analyze the obtained seismic data for geothermal resource evaluation. The favorable areas of karst fissure heat storage in Middle–Upper Proterozoic Jixianian and Paleozoic Cambrian–Ordovician rocks were inferred together with two preferred recommended exploration holes.

关键词： seismic explosive source geological structure geothermal

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Geochemical analysis and quality assessment of geothermal water in Gujarat,India

能源地球科学(英文)

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能源地球科学(英文) 2023年第1期4卷 59-73页

作者： Vaishnavi Pandey Bhavy Chotaliya Namrata Bist Kriti Yadav Anirbid Sircar Pandit Deendayal Energy University GandhinagarGujaratIndia

geothermal water can have a wide range of direct applications,including drinking,domestic use,irrigation and industrial use.This study analyses geothermal water from Dholera,Diu,Gandhar,Kutch,Porbandar,Tulsishyam,and Unai regions located in Gujarat,India,to determine the hydrochemistry for establishing the water's suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes.From each region,three different water samples were collected.For drinking purpose,total eleven water quality parameters such as pH,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids,calcium,magnesium,sodium,potassium,chloride,sulphate,carbonate and bicarbonate were evaluated.Piper and Durov plots were used to understand the ionic composition and evolution of water.Whereas for irrigation,the parameters such as total dissolved solids,sodium absorption ration,electrical conductivity,and potential salinity were used for water quality check.Wilcox Plot was plotted to understand the sodium and salinity hazard of water.Water quality index and irrigation water quality index were used to assess the water quality for making the analytical procedure easy.The findings indicate that the water samples from the Dholera and Diu areas had extremely high values for both the water quality index and total dissolved solids content.Water in these places may be appropriate for making salt.All the other samples show adequacy for utilization in irrigation purpose.

关键词： Geochemistry Water quality index Irrigation water quality index geothermal Quality monitoring

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Renewable Energy: Prospects and Challenges in Bangladesh

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Energy and Power Engineering 2024年第2期16卷 43-78页

作者： Abul Fattah Mohammad Masum Rabbani Md. Masudur Rahman Rahat Ahsan Habib Md. Nazrul Islam Bangladesh Police Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Chemistry University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh

Among expert scientists and politicians, there is increasing agreement that it is absolutely necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) to lessen the severity of climate change. Although little, renewable energy sources currently reduce GHG that are being emitted from the energy industries. According to the majority of long-term energy estimates, renewable energy will be a substantial addition to the supply of energy worldwide by the end of this century, as capacity of renewable energy is gradually increasing in the early decades. However, developing nations like Bangladesh are largely reliant on pricey imported energy supplies (coal, gas, and oil) that lay a heavy weight on the country’s economy. Also, air pollution growing in importance as a national and international environmental issue. Regarding the development of clean and sustainable energy, renewable energy sources seem to be among the most practical and efficient alternatives, in both Bangladesh and globally. The geographic advantages of Bangladesh allow for widespread usage of the majority of such renewable energy sources. The comparative potential and use of fossil fuels against renewable energy sources globally and in Bangladesh is explored in this review.

关键词： Renewable Energy Solar and Photovoltaics Hydropower Wind Energy geothermal

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Optimization of a Single Flash geothermal Power Plant Powered by a Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Using Genetic Algorithm and Nelder-Mead Simplex Method

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Energy Engineering 2023年第2期120卷 263-275页

作者： Yashar Aryanfar Jorge Luis García Alcaraz Department of Electric Engineering and Computation Autonomous University of Ciudad JuárezCiudad JuárezChihuahuaMéxico Department of Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Autonomous University of Ciudad JuárezCiudad JuárezChihuahuaMéxico

The usage of renewable energies,including geothermal energy,is expanding rapidly worldwide.The low efficiency of geothermal cycles has consistently highlighted the importance of recovering heat loss for these cycles.This paper proposes a combined power generation cycle(single flash geothermal cycle with trans-critical CO_(2) cycle)and simulates in the EES(Engineering Equation Solver)software.The results show that the design parameters of the proposed system are significantly improved compared to the BASIC single flash cycle.Then,the proposed approach is optimized using the genetic algorithm and the Nelder-Mead Simplex method.Separator pressure,steam turbine output pressure,and CO_(2) turbine inlet pressure are three assumed variable parameters,and exergy efficiency is the target parameter.In the default operating mode,the system exergy efficiency was 32%,increasing to 39%using the genetic algorithm and 37%using the Nelder-Mead method.

关键词： Optimization geothermal genetic algorithm Nelder-Mead simplex exergy efficiency

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geothermal and fluid flowing simulation of ore-forming antimony deposits in Xikuangshan

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第8期49卷 862-871页

作者： YANG Ruiyan1,2, MA Dongsheng2, BAO Zhengyu3, PAN Jiayong2, CAO Shuanglin2 & XIA Fei2 1. School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 2. State Key Laboratory for Research of Mineral Deposits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China School of Mathematics and Physics China University of Geosciences Wuhan China State Key Laboratory for Research of Mineral Deposits Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China

The Xikuangshan Antimony Deposit located in the Mid-Hunan Basin, China, is the larg- est antimony deposit in the world. Based on the hydrogeological and geochemical data collected from four sections, Xikuangshan-Dajienao (AO), Xikuangshan-Dashengshan (BO), Xikuang- shan-Longshan (CO) and Dafengshan (DO) in the Basin, an advanced metallogenic model related to deep-cyclic meteoric water of Xikuangshan Antimony Deposit is put forward in this paper using a model of heat-gravity-driving fluid flow transportation. The simulation results show that the ore-forming fluid of the deposit mainly comes from the Dashengshan and Longshan areas where BO and CO sections are located if the overall basin keeps a constant atmospheric precipitation and infiltration rate during mineralization, and that the average transportation speed of the ore-forming fluids is about 0.2―0.4 m/a.

关键词： ore-forming fluid, numerical simulation, geothermal field, geofluid transport, Xikuangshan, antimony deposits.

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Influences of Reservoir Heterogeneity and Anisotropy on CO_2 Sequestration and Heat Extraction for CO_2-Based Enhanced geothermal System

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Journal of Thermal Science 2019年第2期28卷 319-325页

作者： WANG Changlong HUANG Zhijia LU Yuehong TANG Gang LI Huan School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Anhui University of Technology

Enhanced geothermal systems(EGS) have a great potential to extract geothermal energy and have attracted much interest. In this paper, based on a 3D thermal-hydrologic model considering CO_2 sequestration, the influences of reservoir heterogeneity and anisotropy on CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction in CO_2-based EGS are investigated. Different heterogeneous reservoirs and homogeneous reservoir are compared, and different ratios among reservoir permeability components are compared. The results show that greater reservoir heterogeneity enhances CO_2 sequestration and restrains heat extraction. Higher ratio between horizontal(x and y directions) and vertical permeability components enhances CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction, and vertical permeability component has a little effect. With the increasing ratio between x-directional(perpendicular to the line of the injection well and the production well) and y-directional(perpendicular to x direction) reservoir permeability components(i.e. kx:ky), both CO_2 sequestration amount and steady-state heat extraction rate first increase and then decrease, and thermal breakthrough time increases, showing that there exists an optimum kx:ky, which is about 1:1. The results of this paper indicate that reservoir heterogeneity and anisotropy have important influences on CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction.

关键词： enhanced geothermal system CO2 sequestration heat extraction reservoir heterogeneity reservoir anisotropy

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Comprehensive geochemical/hydrochemical and geo-thermometry analysis of Unai geothermal field, Gujarat, India

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Acta Geochimica 2019年第1期38卷 145-158页

作者： Manan Shah Anirbid Sircar Nahid Shaikh Karan Patel Darshan Sharma Dwijen Vaidya School of Petroleum Technology Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University Wipro Limited Centre of Excellence for geothermal Energy Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University

The knowledge of water temperature produced from a geothermal reservoir and its composition is of utmost importance in designing utilization strategies, the surface production facilities and in selecting the material to be used. Unai hot springs are located in the southern part of Gujarat, India with discharge temperatures varying from 51 to 56 ℃. With the aim of developing Unai as a potential geothermal field and exploiting it in the future, geochemical and geothermometrical study was undertaken. The samples were collected from various Unai geothermal location and analysis of chemical composition of water obtained from different wells was done. The concentration of Silica, carbonate and ions like Na and Cl have been analyzed to delineate the path of water movement in the subsurface and classify the reservoir based on the enthalpy.The ratio of the concentration of ions like Na^+ and K^+ and the relative proportions of various sets of ions were also used to characterize the geothermal reservoir and the reservoir fluid by the use of ternary diagrams. Na–K–Ca,Chalcedony, quartz, and Silica geo-thermometers have been studied. The present study also envisages the importance of graphical representations like Piper diagram,Scholler etc. to determine variation in hydrochemical facies and to understand the evolution of hydrochemical processes in the Unai geothermal field respectively. The study yields the conclusion that the reservoir under consideration is a low enthalpy reservoir with temperature ranging from 60 to 80 ℃.

关键词： geothermal energy Hydrochemical Geochemical Geothermometery Renewable energy

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geothermal resources formation conditions and preferred target areas in a certain county of Western Sichuan, China

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Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 2019年第1期7卷 61-69页

作者： LI Jun-ya WANG Yu-jue HE Xue-wen XUE Guo-dong XU Huan TIAN Yan-hong ZHAO Li-li CUI Qi-hang No.405 Geological Team Sichuan Bureau of Geology&Mineral Resources Exploration and Development

The geothermal resource is a form of "green" and renewable energy with huge development potential in terms of both environmental protection and economy. It was concluded that the exposed hot springs were mostly produced when fluids derived from atmospheric precipitation were heated deep and recurrently under the ground, developed banded geothermal reservoir in the pores of fault damage zones, fissure zones, hornification zones and dikes, and then moved upward with analyzing the geological and hydrogeological data as well as hydrochemical types of the naturally exposed hot springs in the studied region so as to ascertain the accumulation conditions of geothermal resources in a particular county in Western Sichuan and opt for suitable target areas for exploring geothermal resources. Four areas where geothermal resources are potentially located were proposed with analysis of their formation conditions based on this notion, and the "epsilon-shaped" structure in Zhimulin, the "epsilon-shaped" structure in Jiaochang, the vortex structure in Rewugou and the arcuate structure in Shidaguan were analyzed in this paper offering a reference for developing and exploiting the geothermal resources in the region as well as studying the development patterns of other hot springs in this region.

关键词： geothermal resources Geological structure Reservoir formation conditions

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Analysis of heterogeneous characteristics in a geothermal area with low permeability and high temperature

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第5期8卷 1039-1050页

作者： Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar Georgina Izquierdo-Montalvo Siomara López-Blanco Víctor Arellano-Gómez Instituto Nacional de Electricidad y Energías Limpias Reforma 113 Col.Palmira Cuernavaca Morelos CP 62490 Mexico

An analytical methodology for reservoir characterization was applied in the central and southwestern zones of Los Humeros geothermal field(LHGF). This study involves analysis of temperature, pressure,enthalpy and permeability in wells and their distribution along the area. The wells located in the central western side of the geothermal field are productive, whereas those located at the central-eastern side are non-productive. Through temperature profiles, determined at steady state in the analyzed wells, it was observed that at bottom conditions(approximately 2300 m depth), temperatures vary between 280 and360℃. The temperatures are higher at the eastern side of central zone of LHGF. A review of transient pressure tests, laboratory measurements of core samples, and correlation of circulation losses during drilling suggest that permeability of the formation is low. The enthalpy behavior in productive wells shows a tendency of increase in the steam fraction. It was found that productivity behavior has inverse relation with permeability of rock formation. Further, it is observed that an imbalance exists between exploitation and recharge. It is concluded from the results that the wells located at central-eastern area have low permeability and high temperature, which indicates possibility of heat storage.

关键词： Los Humeros geothermal field Reservoir performance Hot rock Enthalpy Permeability Recharge

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