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Application of Principal Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Pollution index and geoaccumulation index in Pollution Assessment with Heavy Metals from Gold Mining Operations, Tanzania

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第4期10卷 303-317页

作者： Caren Anatory Kahangwa National Environment Management Council Dodoma Tanzania

Gold mining is now widely acknowledged as one of the significant sources of soil pollution in developed countries. In developing countries, the sources and levels of soil contamination have not been thoroughly addressed. Thus, this study was intended to determine the source of soil pollution and the level of contamination in the active and closed gold mining areas. The research paper presents the pollution load of heavy metals (lead-Pb, chromium-Cr, cadmium-Cd, copper-Cu, arsenic-As, manganese-Mn, and nickel-Ni) in 90 soil samples collected from the studied sites. Multivariate statistical analysis, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA), coupled with correlation coefficient analysis, was performed to determine the possible sources of pollution in the study areas. The results indicated that Pb, Cr, Cu and Mn come from different sources than Cd, As and Ni. The results obtained from the metal pollution assessment using the Pollution index (PI) and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) confirmed that soils in the mining areas were contaminated in the range from moderately through strongly to highly contaminated soils. This study verified that soil contamination in the gold mining areas results from natural and anthropogenic processes. The current study findings would enhance our knowledge regarding the soil contamination level in the mining areas and the source of contamination. It is recommended to use PCA, CA, PI and Igeo to assess and monitor the heavy metal contaminated soil in gold mining areas.

关键词： Heavy Metals Contamination Principal Component Analysis Cluster Analysis Pollution index geoaccumulation index

Environmental behaviors of selenium in soil of typical selenosis area,China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第7期20卷 859-864页

作者： LI Yonghua WANG Wuyi LUO Kunli Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Daba Mountain area is one of the two endemic selenosis areas in China,which may relate with the environmental behaviors of selenium (Se) in *** study focuses on the concentraion and distribution of Se and its relationships with some other elements in natural soil in the *** average concentration of Se in Daba Mountain soils was 14.3 times higher than the value cited for natural soil background worldwide,suggesting that soils in the region were contaminated by the *** finding was confirmed...

关键词： selenium (Se) selenosis area geoaccumulation index soil profile

Sedimentary Records of Heavy Metal Pollution in Fuxian Lake,Yunnan Province,China:Intensity,History,and Sources

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Pedosphere 2009年第5期19卷 562-569页

作者： ZENG Hai-Ao WU Jing-Lu State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 73 East Beijing Road Nanjing 210008 (China) Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 (China)

This study focused on the concentration change of heavy metals of sediment cores in heavily polluted north area and less polluted middle area of Fuxian Lake in Southwest *** the basis of the analysis of Cu,Ni,Ti,V,Pb,Cd,and Zn concentration-depth profiles,the pollution history of heavy metals was studied using 137cesium(137Cs) *** sources of heavy metals were distinguished by normalization of their profiles to aluminum and analysis of heavy metal concentrations of potential source *** index(Igeo) was used to quantify their contamination *** results showed that all the heavy metals found in the Fuxian Lake sediments originated naturally before ***,Ni,Ti,and V were still mainly natural in the north lake after 1980s,Cu,Ni,Ti,V,and Pb were mainly natural in the middle lake at all time,but the concentrations of Pb and Zn in the north lake were influenced by industrial wastes from the phosphorus fertilizer factory and cement *** all the lake,the contaminations of Cd and Zn were the results of agricultural cultivation using a large amount of fertilizers and the atmospheric fallouts of dusts from cement *** present,the geoaccumulation indices showed that the Fuxian Lake sediments were moderately to strongly polluted by Cd in the middle lake,and unpolluted to moderately polluted by Pb and Zn and strongly polluted by Cd in the north ***,the pollution intensities of Cd,Zn,and Pb have been increased since 1980s.

关键词： agricultural fertilizers geoaccumulation index industrial wastes lake sediments sediment cores

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第6期20卷 664-669页

作者： YU Ruilian YUAN Xing ZHAO Yuanhui HU Gongren TU Xianglin Department of Environmental Science Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Huaqiao University Quanzhou 362021 China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.

关键词： heavy metal intertidal sediment contamination geoaccumulation index Quanzhou Bay

Geochemical modeling, fate distribution, and risk exposure of potentially toxic metals in the surface sediment of the Shyok suture zone, northern Pakistan

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2021年第5期36卷 656-667页

作者： Liaqat Alia Abdur Rashid Seema Anjum Khattak Xubo Gao Shah Jehana Asif Javed National Centre of Excellence in Geology University of Peshawar Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Bahria University Islamabad School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences

The objective of the current study was to assess the contamination of potentially toxic metals(PTMs) in weathered surface sediment, along stream tributaries, and surrounding area of the river Chitral, Shyok suture zone district Chitral, Pakistan. To understand the geochemical features of 113 sediment, samples were collected from the Mirkhani and Drosh area. Then, different statistical tools including the geoaccumulation index(Igeo), cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and ecological risk assessment(ERA) were used to unravel the origin, intensity, and exposure level of PTMs to control risk and restore the ecosystem within the study area. The results for the PTMs namely nickle(Ni),chromium(Cr), copper(Cu), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), zinc(Zn), and cobalt(Co) in Mirkhani and Drosh were in the following ranges: 10 e150, 15 e210, 15 e250, 0.08 e1.00, 10 e70, 76 e240 and 14 e51; and 13 e240, 17 e210, 15 e150, 0.08 e0.60, 7 e140, 47 e150 and 13 e36 mg/kg, respectively. In consequence, the potential ecological risk caused by Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, and Zn is reflected by the percentages of samples with an ecological risk index(ERI) greater than one which were 100%, 91%, 100%, 100%, 92%, and 100%,respectively. However, the overall mean decreasing order of ecological risk of PTMs in the district Chitral was Pb > Ni > Cu > Co > Cr > Zn > Cd. Moreover, the PCA yielded 78% variability which indicated that mineral prospects play an important role in the contamination of sediment. Furthermore, the mineral phases of Pb and Zn suggested supersaturation, while that for Cd revealed unsaturation. The results of Igeo, ERI, and CA indicated contamination of PTMs in the study area. The ERI value of Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr,and Zn was higher than 1 suggesting an ecological risk in the study area. Moreover, the current study showed the dominance of geogenic contamination with major contributions from ultramafic rock and known mineral prospects. Therefore, contaminated sediment of the

关键词： Geochemical modeling Surface sediment Potentially toxic metals geoaccumulation index Ecological risk Shyok suture zone

Distribution of heavy metals in the topsoil of the Jining mining area

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Mining Science and Technology 2010年第3期20卷 395-399页

作者： HAO Junliang HAN Zuozhen WANG Cuizhen ZHOU Guangzhu LI Yinming College of Resource and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266510 China College of Geological Science and Technology Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266510 China College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266510 China

The geochemical baseline is the fundamental reference for environmental change and *** this article we describe cluster and regression analyses with a normalization *** elements Sc and Ag were chosen to calculate the environmental geochemical *** geoaccumulation index was calculated and mapped to indicate the environmental quality of the *** results show that the urban areas are barely polluted with Ni and Cr but the rural areas in the southern part of the city, and the western part of the lake,are polluted with Ni,Cr,and Cu at the second *** the other hand,the rural areas in the southern part of the city,and the western part of the lake,are polluted with As at a moderate *** other area is polluted at the second *** increase in As pollution occurs in a direction from northeast to *** Cd pollution follows a trend similar to As,with an additional smaller contaminated area polluted at levelⅢ.The Hg pollution typical of urban areas occurs in the main and northern parts of the *** geochemical accumulation index decreases from the city center to the *** highest pollution level reaches levelⅣ,which indicates that the soil is seriously polluted with *** southern part of the city and the rural areas to the west of the lake are not contaminated with *** factors and the disturbance from human activities are both possible major factors:further research is needed to identify them.

关键词： geochemical baseline heavy metal geoaccumulation index topsoil

Analysis and assessment of nickel and chromium pollution in soils around Baghejar Chromite Mine of Sabzevar Ophiolite Belt,Northeastern Iran

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2015年第7期25卷 2380-2387页

作者： Eisa SOLGI Javad PARMAH Department of Environment Faculty of Natural Resources and EnvironmentMalayer University

The key objective of this research was to estimate the Ni and Cr contents of soil around the Baghjar Chromite Mine（BCM）of Sabzevar Ophiolite Belt,Northeastern Iran,and assess the degree of soil pollution using the pollution *** samples（0-20 cm depth） were collected at various distances from the *** the present research,heavy metals（Cr and Ni） in soil samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry to detect their concentrations and contour maps were produced to explain the metal spatial ***,the degree of metal pollution was *** results indicate that the soils in the studied area are contaminated by Cr and *** corresponding concentrations for Cr and Ni are（156.19±24.45） and（321.7±133.27） mg/kg,respectively,which exceed the corresponding maximum allowable concentrations in *** different indices demonstrate that soils around chromite mine are significantly contaminated with Cr and Ni,suggesting several times higher levels of toxic metals than normal *** above results revealed that the heavy metal concentrations increase with increasing the distance from the mine and mining pollutants can be transported to long distances from their sources.

关键词： ophiolite belt chromite mine spatial pattern geoaccumulation index pollution load index

Fractional distribution and risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil in vicinity of a lead/zinc mine

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2014年第10期24卷 3324-3331页

作者：黄顺红湖南有色金属研究院长沙410100 有色金属工业环境保护行业重点实验室长沙410100

The pollution characteristics of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni in soil of lead-zinc mining area were studied. The results indicate that the contamination degree followed the sequence of Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Ni〉Cu and concentrations of Pb, Cd and Zn exceeded corresponding limits of the Chinese National Soil Environmental Quality Standard III. The soil was extremely polluted by Cd（Iego=5.26）, moderately to heavily polluted by Zn（Iego=2.38）, heavily to extremely polluted by Pb（Iego=4.13）. The results of BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure show that the active Cd, Pb and Zn were relatively high and might exert adverse effects on the plants grown in the soil, while Cu and Ni existed in soil with a relatively stable form. Potential ecological risk results indicate that soils were engaging in a high potential ecological risk by pollution of Cd and should be given rise to concern.

关键词： heavy metals chemical speciation geoaccumulation index potential ecological risk

Pollution assessment of heavy metals along the Mekong River and dam effects

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2012年第5期22卷 874-884页

作者： FU Kaidao SU Bin HE Daming LU Xixi SONG Jingyi HUANG Jiangcheng Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Yunnan Key Laboratory for International Rivers and Transboundary Ecology Security Kunming 650091 China Department of Geography National University of Singapore 119260 Singapore

The resource development and changes of hydrological regime, sediment and water quality in the Mekong River basin have attracted great attentions. This research aimed to enhance the study on transboundary pollution of heavy metals in this international river. In this study, eight sampling sites were selected to collect the bed sand samples along the mainstream of the Mekong River. In addition, the contents of 5 heavy metal elements and their spatial variability along the mainstream of the river were analyzed. The geoaccumulation index （l^eo） and potential ecological risk analysis were employed to assess heavy metal pol- lution status in the mainstream of the Mekong River. The results show that the average con- tent of the heavy metal elements Zn is 91.43 mg/kg, Pb is 41.85 mg/kg, and As is 21.84 mg/kg in the bed sands of the Upper Mekong River, which are higher than those （Zn 68.17 mg/kg, Pb 28.22 mg/kg, As 14.97 mg/kg） in the Lower Mekong. The average content of Cr in the Lower Mekong is 418.86 mg/kg, higher than that in the Upper Mekong （42.19 mg/kg）. Luang Prabang has a very high Cr concentration with 762.93 mg/kg and Pakse with 422.90 mg/kg. The concentration of Cu in all of the 8 sampling sites is similar, except for in Jiajiu with 11.70 mg/kg and Jiebei with 7.00 mg/kg. The results of the geoaccumulation index reveal that contaminations caused by Zn and Pb while Pb and As are more than those by Zn in Upper Mekong. Cr is the primary pollutant in the Lower Mekong, especially at Luang Prabang and Pakse. Slight pollution with As also occurs in Pakse. The potential ecological risk index indi- cates that the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the mainstream of the Mekong River is low. We argue that the pollution of water quality and contamination of heavy metals in bed sediment caused by mining of mineral resources or geochemical background values in the Mekong is not transmitted from the Upper to the Lower Mekong because of the reservoir sedimentation and

关键词： Mekong River basin heavy metal pollution geoaccumulation index potential ecological risk index