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Effect of Purified Paper Wasp Ropalidia marginata Venom Toxin Enzyme Activity in Blood Serum, Liver, and gastrocnemius Muscle of Albino Mice

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Advances in Enzyme Research 2023年第3期11卷 113-145页

作者： Simran Sharma Ravi Kant Upadhyay Department of Zoology Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur India

In the present, investigation effects of sub-lethal dose of purified paper wasp Ropalidia marginata venom toxins were evaluated on important metabolic enzymes i.e. ALP ACP, GPT, GOT, LDH, and AchE enzyme activity in serum, liver, and gastrocnemius muscles of albino mice. Alkaline phosphatase was found to be increased up to 119.9% at the 6th hr of the toxin injection in comparison to control. This elevation may be due to cytolysis. Maximum increase i.e., 153.33% level of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) was found at 6 hrs of 40% of 24-h LD50 treatment while it was found to be 151.1% at 6 hrs of 24 hr 80% of LD50, venom injection. A significant elevation was observed in LDH activity in serum, liver, and muscles, while the activity of AchE was decreased in serum, liver, and gastrocnemius muscles of albino mice after injecting the sub-lethal dose of Ropalidia marginata venom. This increase in the activity of LDH produces liver damage, massive disintegration and necrosis of hepatic cells. This elevation in LDH level led to a significant increase in the glucose catabolism and elevated oxidative stress in muscle and liver cells. It also displays insufficient oxygen supply and consequently leads to cell death. In experimental animals, venom toxin treatment decreased AchE level, and animals showed muscular paralysis. When mice were treated with 40% and 80% of 24-h LD50 of purified venom caused a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in the level of ACP, GOT, GPT, and LDH while the reduction in ALP and AChE level. Present study will be useful in the development of prototypes for study of pharmacological and therapeutic effects of various venom toxins. For this purpose structure activity relationship of enzyme and venom toxin, its due interaction to various metabolic enzymes and receptors must be explored.

关键词： Ropalidia marginata Serum Liver and Rectus Abdominis gastrocnemius Muscle Atria and Ventricle Acid Phosphatase (ACP) Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) and Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)

Histochemical pattern of gastrocnemius muscle in fluoride toxicity syndrome

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第2期3卷 136-140页

作者： Shashi A Bhushan B Bhardwaj M Department of Zoology Punjabi University

Objective:To evaluate the effect of sodium fluoride(NaF) on cytochemical distribution of proteins,DNA,and RNA in the gastrocnemius muscle of rat in experimental fluorosis.Methods: Young Sprague Dawley albino rats were administered with NaF at 30,45,and 75 mg/kg bw/ day subcutaneously for 15 and 30 days,respectively.The control animals were given the vehicle(1cc deionized double distilled water/kg bw/day).Results:In the first phase of 15 days experimentation,the gastrocnemius muscle of rats intoxicated with NaF at 30,45,and 75 mg /kg bw/ day showed decline in proteins including a amino acids as compared to control. In the second phase of 30 days experimentation,the muscle fibers of rat showed elevation in sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic proteins in 30 mg NaF dose group,and angulated fibers exhibited increase in sarcolemmal proteins in 45 mg NaF group.The marginal regions of angular and rim fibers showed deeply stained rings of sarcoplasmic proteins whereas the split fibers were faindy stained in rats treated with NaF at 75 mg/kg bw/day for 30 days.In rats treated with NaF at 30 mg/kg bw/day for 15 days,the hypertrophied peripheral muscle fibers contained more DNA,however the atrophied fibers had more RNA.In 45 mg NaF group,RNA was located in sarcolemmal regions,while DNA content decreased as compared to control.In 75 mg NaF group,the muscle fibers had dark and light staining regions of DNA and RNA.In the 30 days of experimentation,the DNA level decreased whereas RNA content increased in the gastrocnemius muscle fibers of the rat treated with NaF at 30 mg/kg bw/day.In treatment group with NaF at 45 mg/kg bw/day,the RNA content slighdy declined in comparison to control,in all treatments for 15 days as well as in treatment group with NaF at 30 mg/kg bw/day for 30 days whereas the amount of DNA slightly increased as compared to treatment group with NaF at 75 mg/kg bw/day for 15 days.The highest dose group revealed elevated amount of RNA whereas DNA content remained stable.Conclusions:The findings of present study demonst

关键词： Albino rats DNA gastrocnemius muscle Proteins RNA Sodium fluoride

The anatomical,electrophysiological and histological observations of muscle contraction units in rabbits:a new perspective on nerve injury and regeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第1期17卷 228-232页

作者： Ting-Min Xu Bo Chen Zong-Xue Jin Xiao-Feng Yin Pei-Xun Zhang Bao-Guo Jiang Department of Trauma and Orthopedics Peking University People’s HospitalBeijingChina Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration(Peking University) Ministry of EducationBeijingChina Trauma Center Peking University People’s HospitalBeijingChina National Trauma Medical Center BeijingChina Department of Rehabilitation Peking University People’s HospitalBeijingChina

In the conventional view a muscle is composed of intermediate structures before its further division into microscopic muscle fibers.Our experiments in mice have confirmed this intermediate structure is composed of the lamella cluster formed by motor endplates,the innervating nerve branches and the corresponding muscle fibers,which can be viewed as an independent structural and functional unit.In this study,we verified the presence of these muscle construction units in rabbits.The results showed that the muscular branch of the femoral nerve sent out 4–6 nerve branches into the quadriceps and the tibial nerve sent out 4–7 nerve branches into the gastrocnemius.When each nerve branch of the femoral nerve was stimulated from the most lateral to the medial,the contraction of the lateral muscle,intermediate muscle and medial muscle of the quadriceps could be induced by electrically stimulating at least one nerve branch.When stimulating each nerve branch of the tibial nerve from the lateral to the medial,the muscle contraction of the lateral muscle 1,lateral muscle 2,lateral muscle 3 and medial muscle of the gastrocnemius could be induced by electrically stimulating at least one nerve branch.Electrical stimulation of each nerve branch resulted in different electromyographical waves recorded in different muscle subgroups.Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed most of the nerve branches around the neuromuscular junctions consisted of one individual neural tract,a few consisted of two or more neural tracts.The muscles of the lower limb in the rabbit can be subdivided into different muscle subgroups,each innervated by different nerve branches,thereby allowing much more complex muscle activities than traditionally stated.Together,the nerve branches and the innervated muscle subgroups can be viewed as an independent structural and functional unit.This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Peking University People’s Hospital(approval No.2019 PHE027)on October 20,2019.

关键词： anatomy electrophysiology femoral nerve hematoxylin-eosin staining gastrocnemius motor endplate muscle contraction unit peripheral nerve quadriceps rabbit skeletal muscle tibial nerve

The Effect of Stretching Hamstring, gastrocnemius, Iliopsoas and Back Muscles on Pain and Functional Activities in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial

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Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2015年第4期3卷 139-145页

作者： Hamada E. Seif Aqeel Alenazi Sahar Mahmoud Hassan Shaji John Kachanathu Ashraf R. Hafez Cairo UniversityHospital Cairo University Cairo Egypt Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department College of Applied Medical Sciences Salman Bin Abdulaziz University Alkharj Saudi Arabia Collage of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

A back pain lasting more than 12 weeks has been defined as a chronic low back pain (LBP) [1]. More than half of people suffer from LBP [1]. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of gastrocnemius muscle stretching in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Methods: Forty patients with chronic low back pain, ages ranging from 25 to 40 years, were recruited and divided randomly into two groups. The control group followed a physical therapy program that included stretching exercises for back, hamstring and iliopsoas muscles. Strengthening exercises for abdominal muscle and postural instructions for activities of daily living were also performed. The experimental group followed the same control-group exercises with the addition of stretching exercises for gastrocnemius muscles. The interventions for both groups consisted of three sessions per week for six weeks, each session lasting for an hour. The outcome measures were visual analog scale (VAS) for pain severity, modified fingertip to floor (FTF) for range of motion (ROM) of trunk flexion, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and loading X-ray to detect lumbosacral angle. Results: There was no significant difference between groups at baseline characteristics. At final follow up, the two groups were significantly different in all outcome measures in terms of pain (p p p p gastrocnemius manual stretching exercise is more beneficial in reducing pain and improving functions for patients with chronic low back pain when adding to stretching exercises for hamstring, iliopsoas, and back muscles, and strengthening exercise for abdominal muscles.

关键词： Mechanical Back Pain Back Pain Syndromes Hamstring Muscle Hip Motion Lumbar Motion Pos-ture gastrocnemius Muscle

Effects of Purified Indian Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus Saliva Toxins on Various Enzymes in Blood Serum, Liver and Muscles of Albino Mice

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Advances in Enzyme Research 2023年第2期11卷 82-112页

作者： Nidhi Yadav Ravi Kant Upadhyay Department of Zoology Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur India

In the present investigation, in vivo effects of purified ticks’ saliva toxin were evaluated on the level of certain important cellular metabolic enzymes i.e. acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase. For this purpose, sub-lethal doses, 40% and 80% of 24 h LD50 purified saliva toxins of Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) were injected subcutaneously in the albino mice. In treated mice saliva toxins targeted membrane-bound enzymes i.e. serum acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, its level was increased from 118.30% to 163.63% at the 6th hr in comparison to the control. Besides this, the levels of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) also increased up to 161.11% (at 6th hr), 148.27 (at 8th hr) and 125.45% (at 6th hr) respectively in comparison to control. An increase in the level of LDH showed insufficient oxygen supply, massive disintegration of cells and leakage of the enzyme into the circulation. It clearly indicated the toxic effects of saliva toxins on the membrane of blood cells, hepatocytes and myocardial muscle cell functions in albino mice. On the other hand activity of acetyl cholinesterase was reduced by 65.51% at the 6th hr of the saliva toxin injection in comparison to the control. This inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase activity caused the accumulation of acetylcholine molecules at the synaptic junctions and led to prolonged activation of acetylcholine receptors. It caused permanent stimulation of nerves and muscle cells that may result in muscular paralysis and finally death of the animal.

关键词： Rhipicephalus microplus Serum Liver and Rectus Abdominis gastrocnemius Muscle Atria and Ventricle Acid Phosphatase (ACP) Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) and Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)

Analyzing the Use of Ultrasound: Achilles Tendon Rupture

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Open Journal of Emergency Medicine 2019年第3期7卷 41-47页

作者： Massud Atta Shadi Jafari Kareen Moore Coliseum Medical Center Macon Georgia USA American University of Antigua COM Coolidge Antigua

Growing evidence has made it obvious that early intervention in patients with Achilles tendon rupture extensively affects the prognosis. This requires the use of easily accessible imaging modalities such as ultrasound in establishing accurate diagnosis of tendinopathies so that early therapeutic decisions can be made. Ultrasound allows for assessment of tendons in a dynamic real time setting. Physicians can interact with patients and receive feedback regarding the symptomatic area, and assessing the tendon from different angles while under stress. It also offers a faster method to diagnose Achilles tendon rupture and therefore provide early intervention. Furthermore, ultrasound is a safe, non-invasive, and a patient friendly method that has become less expensive, portable, and a faster imaging modality to diagnose tendinopathies. In this paper, we review the application of ultrasound in diagnosing Achilles tendon rupture and comparing it with other imaging modalities, after thoroughly studying the current literature.

关键词： Achilles Tendon Rupture ATR Ultrasound Achilles Tendon Tendon Rupture Anisotropy Compression Elastography gastrocnemius

Expression of Genes Related to Glycolysis in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Rats after Citric Acid Administration

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2019年第3期10卷 325-332页

作者： Yurie Hara Nakamichi Watanabe Department of Nutritional Science Tokyo Kasei University Tokyo Japan Department of Health Science Showa Women’s University Tokyo Japan

Citric acid is known to alleviate physical fatigue and improve athletic performance;however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of citric acid administration on the expression of key glycolysis-related genes in the liver and skeletal muscle of rats. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups—control and citric acid groups. The rats were fasted overnight, after which distilled water or citric acid solution was administered intragastrically;after 150 min, the rats were sacrificed, and the liver and skeletal muscle were collected. In the skeletal muscle, namely soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, the phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase gene expression were significantly decreased by citric acid administration. In contrast, the glucokinase and pyruvate kinase gene expression in the liver was significantly increased. These results suggest that exogenous dietary citric acid suppresses glycolysis in the skeletal muscle at the transcription level.

关键词： Citric Acid gastrocnemius Muscle Glycolysis Liver Soleus Muscle

Critical Limb Ischaemia in Adult Human Skeletal Muscle Increases Satellite Cell Proliferation but Not Differentiation

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Surgical Science 2015年第5期6卷 198-207页

作者： C. A. Hart J. Tsui K. Khan T. K. Ho X. Shiwen M. Ponticos D. Abraham D. M. Baker Department of Vascular Surgery Royal Free Hospital London UK Department of Rheumatology Royal Free Hospital London UK

Critical Limb Ischaemia (CLI) is defined as the presence of rest pain, ulcers and/or gangrene in a limb for over 2 weeks. Associated exercise intolerance is caused by muscle fibre atrophy, fibro- fatty infiltration, nerve dysfunction, mitochondrial damage and myofibril disorder. We aimed to determine the behaviour of satellite cells, responsible for the repair and regeneration of damaged muscle, in repairing the damage caused to critically ischaemic adult human skeletal muscle. CD34, pax7 and MyoD are all markers of satellite cells at different stages of the cell cycle and allow for an assessment of their number and activity in ischaemia. Local ethical committee approval and informed consent was obtained. Samples of harvested gastrocnemius muscle of patients undergoing major perigenicular amputation for CLI (n = 10) were analysed and compared to a control group undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 10). Using immunohistochemistry, the expression of pax7, CD34 and MyoD was assessed in five sequential blinded randomly generated fields. Statistical testing of the data collected was made via the Mann Whitney U test. Protein electrophoresis was used to confirm overall protein expression of the satellite cell markers. There was a significant increase in the number of satellite cells observed in CLI muscle sections as demonstrated by the expression of pax7 (2.4×?fold p ?Haematopoietic Stem Cells?(HSCs) and satellite cells were also more abundant, with a 2×?fold increase observed (p < 0.0001) whilst those cells expressing both CD34 and pax7 and identified as quiescent satellite cells, were significantly greater in number in the CLI samples (2.9×?fold p < 0.0001), confirmed via immunohistochemistry and protein electrophoresis. There was a significant decrease in the expression of MyoD positive or activated satellite cells (p < 0.0001). This indicates an increase in the proliferation of the satellite cell population as a response to CLI but less active cells are observed.

关键词： Muscle Stem Cells Satellite Cells Muscle Progenitor Cells Ischemia gastrocnemius