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Characterisation of likelihood of gas hydrates occurrence in the South China Sea based on Bonferroni mean-based TOPSIS and fuzzy set theory

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第2期14卷 59-70页

作者： Pierre Guy Atangana Njock Shui-Long Shen Annan Zhou MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringCollege of EngineeringShantou UniversityGuangdong 515063China Discipline of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering School of EngineeringRoyal Melbourne Institute of TechnologyVictoria 3001Australia

The efficiency of gas hydrate production depends on the success of gas exploration and occurrence evaluation.The existing evaluation models are generally univariate and only applicable to certain geological settings.This study presents a holistic approach to evaluate the likelihood of gas hydrate occurrence by supplying an index for mapping gas hydrate levels with depth.The approach integrates a generalised TOPSIS method with the fuzzy set theory.An expedition of gas hydrate conducted in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea was adopted as a case study to assess the reliability of the proposed index.As a multivariate model,the proposed approach enables the capture of non-linearity associated with gas hydrates in its entirety.The magnitude of the strength of the influential factor varies substantially from one site to another across the Shenhu area.The results also show that no site achieves the highest likelihood‘Level V’.These results are consistent with the gas saturation values obtained using Archie’s relationship.For example,at SH4 and SH7,the values of the likelihood index are the highest between 170–185 m and 150–165 m,respectively,and the observed saturation at these locations varies from 20%(SH4)to 43%(SH7).The proposed likelihood index yields a prominent ability to quantify the level of occurrence of gas hydrates with depth at different sites.It appears to be an efficient multicriteria system bound to improve the management of the gas production trial stage.

关键词： gas hydrates South China Sea Geologic controls Occurrence characterization Energy resource

Application of frequency division inversion in the prediction of heterogeneous natural gas hydrates reservoirs in the Shenhu Area,South China Sea

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China Geology 2022年第2期5卷 251-266页

作者： Shu-yu Wu Jun Liu Hua-ning Xu Chang-ling Liu Fu-long Ning Hong-xian Chu Hao-ran Wu Kai Wang School of Engineering China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Yantai Coastal Zone Geological Survey Center China Geological SurveyYantai 264001China Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266061China The Key Laboratory of gas Hydrate Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao Institute of Marine GeologyQingdao 266071China

Drilling results suggest that the thickness of natural gas hydrates(NGHs)in the Shenhu Area,South China Sea(SCS)are spatially heterogenous,making it difficult to accurately assess the NGHs resources in this area.In the case that free gas exists beneath hydrate deposits,the frequency of the hydrate deposits will be noticeably attenuated,with the attenuation degree mainly affected by pore development and free gas content.Therefore,the frequency can be used as an important attribute to identify hydrate reservoirs.Based on the time-frequency characteristics of deposits,this study predicted the spatial distribution of hydrates in this area using the frequency division inversion method as follows.Firstly,the support vector machine(SVM)method was employed to study the amplitude versus frequency(AVF)response based on seismic and well logging data.Afterward,the AVF response was introduced as independent information to establish the nonlinear relationship between logging data and seismic waveform.Then,the full frequency band information of the seismic data was fully utilized to obtain the results of frequency division inversion.The inversion results can effectively broaden the frequency band,reflect the NGHs distribution,and reveal the NGHs reservoirs of two types,namely the fluid migration pathway type and the in situ self-generation self-storage diffusion type.Moreover,the inversion results well coincide with the drilling results.Therefore,it is feasible to use the frequency division inversion to predict the spatial distribution of heterogeneous NGHs reservoirs,which facilitates the optimization of favorable drilling targets and is crucial to the resource potential assessment of NGHs.

关键词： gas hydrates Heterogeneity Frequency division inversion Self-generation and self-storage diffusion type NGHs exploration trial engineering Oil and gas exploration engineering Shenhu Area South China Sea

Dissociation behavior of “dry water” C_3H_8 hydrate below ice point:Effect of phase state of unreacted residual water on a mechanism of gas hydrates dissociation

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2015年第3期24卷 309-314页

作者： Andrey O Drachuk Vladimir P Melnikov Nadezhda S Molokitina Anatoliy N Nesterov Lev S Podenko Aleksey M Reshetnikov Andrey Yu Manakov Institute of Earth Cryosphere SB RAS625026Malygin str.86TyumenRussian Federation Tyumen State Oil and gas University 625000Volodarsky str.38TyumenRussian Federation Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS630090Lavrentiev av.3NovosibirskRussian Federation

The results on a dissociation behavior of propane hydrates prepared from ＂dry water＂ and contained unreacted residual water in the form of ice inclusions or supercooled liquid water（water solution of gas） were presented for temperatures below 273 K.The temperature ramping or pressure release method was used for the dissociation of propane hydrate samples.It was found that the mechanism of gas hydrate dissociation at temperatures below 273 K depended on the phase state of unreacted water in the hydrate sample.gas hydrates dissociated into ice and gas if the ice inclusions were in the hydrate sample.The samples of propane hydrates with inclusions of unreacted supercooled water only（without ice inclusions） dissociated into supercooled water and gas below the pressure of the supercooled water-hydrate-gas metastable equilibrium.

关键词： gas hydrates dry water supercooled liquid water ice hydrate dissociation

Geochemical Indications of Possible gas hydrates in the Northeastern South China Sea

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2006年第4期80卷 564-573页

作者： LU Zhengquan WU Bihao ZHU Youhai QIANG Zuji WANG Zaimin ZHANG Fuyuan Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037 Institute of Geology China Bureau of Seismology Beijing 100029 Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Langfang Hebei 065000 The Second Institute of Oceanography State Bureau of Oceanography Hangzhou Zhejiang 310012

gas hydrate, mainly composed of hydrocarbon gas and water, is considered to be a clean energy in the 21st century. Many indicators such as BSRs （Bottom-Simulating Reflections）, which are thought to be related to gas hydrate, are found in the South China Sea （SCS） in recent years. The northeastern part of the SCS is taken as one of the most potentials in the area by many scientists. It is situated in the conjunction of the northern divergent continental margin and the eastern convergent island margin, whose geological settings are much preferable for gas hydrate to occur. Through this study, brightness temperature anomalies recorded by satellite-based thermal infrared remotely sensed images before or within the imminent earthquake, the high content of hydrocarbon gas acid-degassed from subsurface sediment and the high radioactive thermoluminescence value of subsurface sediment were found in the region. Sometimes brightness temperature anomalies alone exist in the surrounding of the Dongsha Islands. The highest content of hydrocarbon gas amounts to 393 μL methane per kilogram sediment and the highest radioactive thermoluminescence value is 31752 unit; their geometric averages are 60.5 μL/kg and 2688.9 unit respectively. What is more inspiring is that there are three sites where the methane contents are up to 243, 268 and 359μL/kg and their radioactive thermoluminescence values are 8430, 9537 and 20826 unit respectively. These three locations are just in the vicinity of one of the highest confident BSRs identified by predecessors. Meanwhile, the anomalies are generally coincident with other results such as headspace gas anomaly in the sediment and chloride anomaly in the interstitial water in the site 1146 of Leg 184. The above-mentioned anomalies are most possibly to indicate the occurrence of gas hydrate in the northeastern SCS.

关键词： brightness temperature anomalies thermal infrared geochemical indications,thermoluminescence gas hydrates the South China Sea

Seismic Features of Marine gas hydrates in Offshore Northwest Africa

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第A1期89卷 353-354页

作者： LIU Shuang LU Shuangfang YANG Jinxiu ZHANG Yanian Research Institute of Unconventional Petroleum and Renewable Energy China University of Petroleum QingdaoShandong266580 China School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong 266580 China

1 Introduction gas hydrates are also called methane hydrates or clathrate hydrates, commonly known as ＂combustible ice＂, which are present in permafrost, continental slope, shallow sea, platform, etc. gas hydrates （clathrate hydrates） are crystalline solid structures consisting of water and small molecules such as CO2,N2,CHa,H2, etc. which are formed under conditions of low temperature and specified （generally high） pressure （Eslamimanesh A et a1.,2012）.

关键词： gas hydrates SEISMIC reflection method PETROLEUM prospecting OFFSHORE oil well drilling

Identification of Re-Deposited Sediments and the Relationships with Heterogeneous Distributions of gas hydrates in the Shenhu Area

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第A1期89卷 270-272页

作者： SU Ming SHA Zhibin QIAO Shaohua LIANG Jinqiang LIU Jie YANG Rui WU Nengyou Key Laboratory of gas Hydrate Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences GuangzhouGuangdong 510640 Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey Guangzhou Guangdong 5100 75

The first marine gas hydrate drilling expedition （GMGS-1） of China was performed in the Shenhu Area, northern slope of the South China Sea （Fig. la） by Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey （GMGS） during April to June, 2007, to detect the occurrences of gas hydrates. The drilling results showed that the distributions of hydrates in the drilling area were heterogeneous.

关键词： gas hydrates SEDIMENTS (Geology) -- Analysis PARTICLE size distribution GRAIN size PETROLOGY PETROLEUM reserves CHINA

The gas-Source Study of gas hydrates in Wuli and Muli Permafrost Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第A1期89卷 443-445页

作者： GONG Jianming ZHANG Li ZHANG Min Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources andEnvironmental Geology MLR Qingdao Shandong 266071 Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology Qingdao Shandong 266071 Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey MLR Guangzhou Guangdong 510760 School of Earth Environment and Water Resources Yangtze University Wuhan Hubei 430100

1 Introduction Muli permafrost region is located in the south Qilian Mountain of the northem Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which belongs to Kunlun Mountain terrain in geo-tectonics （Fig.l）. The average elevation of the region is 4100m and the thickness of the permafrost is about 60 to 100m （ZHOU Youwu, etc, 2000; PAN Yulu, etc, 2008）.

关键词： gas hydrates NATURAL gas HYDROCARBONS PLATE tectonics STABLE isotopes CARBON isotopes

Progress and prospect of hydrate-based desalination technology

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Frontiers in Energy 2022年第3期16卷 445-459页

作者： Jibao Zhang Shujun Chen Ning Mao Tianbiao He Department of gas Engineering College of Pipeline and Civil EngineeringChina University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580China

With the continuous growth of the population and the improvement of production, the shortage of freshwater has plagued many countries. The use of novel technologies such as desalination to produce fresh water on a large scale has become inevitable in the world. Hydrate-based desalination (HBD) technology has drawn an increasing amount of attention due to its mild operation condition and environmental friendliness. In this paper, literature on hydrate-based desalination is comprehensively analyzed and critically evaluated, focuses on experimental progress in different hydrate formers that have an impact on thermodynamics and dynamics in hydrate formation. Besides, various porous media promotion is investigated. Besides, the hydrate formation morphology and hydrate crystal structure with different hydrate formers are analyzed and compared. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulation is discussed to further understand microscopic information of hydrate formation. Furthermore, simulations of the HBD process by considering the energy consumption are also investigated. In conclusion, the hydrated based desalination is a potential technology to get fresh water in a sustainable way.

关键词： gas hydrates desalination crystal morphology molecular dynamic cold energy

Tracing the Methane Events by Stable Carbon Isotopes of Benthic Foraminifera at Glacial Periods in the Andaman Sea

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第6期33卷 1571-1582页

作者： Yue Cen Jiasheng Wang Xuan Ding Dorrik Stow Zhou Wang Can Chen Xiaochen Ma Hubei Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources College of Marine Science and TechnologyState Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental GeologyChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China School of the Marine Sciences China University of GeosciencesBeijing100083China Institute of Geo-Energy Engineering Heriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH 144ASUK State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai200092China

Stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen variations in foraminiferal shells have been widely used in paleo-environment studies.However,studies about the shells of benthic foraminifera in methanehydrate-bearing sediments as reliable geochemical proxies to reconstruct the potential methane release events in the geologic past are rare.In this study,we present the stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of fossil benthic foraminifera including one epifaunal species(Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi)and two infaunal species(Bulimina mexicana and Uvigerina peregrina)from the Site U1447 of IODP 353 Expedition to trace methane events in the Andaman Sea,where one of the thickest and deepest gas hydrate stability zones was discovered.Theδ^(13)C values of benthic foraminifera show that there are eight distinct intervals with negative values in the last~10 Myr,interpreted as a record of long-term fluctuations in methane emission.Six of these methane events occurred during the glacial sea-level lowstands in the last~1.1 Myr.We,therefore,infer that the trigger mechanism for these events might be the hydrate destabilization caused by sea level fall.The methane events that occurred at~2.11 and~5.93 Ma are more likely related to the sudden changes in sedimentation,either slide events or marked variations in sedimentation rate.

关键词： benthic foraminifera stable carbon and oxygen isotopes methane events gas hydrates IODP 353 Site U1447 Andaman Sea