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frost heave and freezing processes of saturated rock with an open crack under different freezing conditions

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2020年第4期14卷 947-960页

作者： Zhitao Lv Caichu XIA Yuesong WANG Ziliang LIN Department of Geotechnical Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Minisry of Education Tongji UniversinShanghai 200092China

frost heave experiments on saturated sandstone and tuff with an open crack are conducted under uniform and unidirectional freezing conditions.frost heave of crack in sandstone with high permeability is more significant under uniform freezing condition than that under unidirectional freezing condition.However,frost heave of crack in tuff with low permeability is more significant under unidirectional freezing condition.To illustrate the reasons for this phenomenon,a numerical model on the freezing processes of saturated rock with an open crack considering the latent heat of pore water and water in crack is proposed and confirmed to be reliable.Numerical results show that a frozen shell that blocks the migration of water in crack to rock develops first in the outer part of the rock before the freezing of water in crack under unifonn freezing condition.However,the migration path of water in crack to the unfrozen rock under freezing front exists under unidirectional freezing condition.The freezing process and permeability of rock together determine the migration of water in crack and lead to the different frost heave modes of crack for various permeable rocks under different freezing conditions.The frost heave modes of crack in rock with low or high permeability are similar under uniform freezing condition because water migration is blocked by a frozen shell and is irrelevant to rock permeability.For high permeability rock,the frost heave of crack will be weakened due to water migration under unidirectional freezing condition;however,the frost heave of crack would be more significant for low permeability rock because water migration is blocked under unidirectional freezing condition.Therefore,the freezing condition and rock permeability determine the frost heave of rock with crack together,and this should be concerned in cold regions engineering applications.

关键词： frost heave rock with crack freezing process freezing condition frost heave mode

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Thermo-mechanical simulation of frost heave in saturated soils

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2023年第9期17卷 1400-1412页

作者： Saeed VOSOUGHIAN Romain BALIEU Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm 10044Sweden

Roads are exposed to various degradation mechanisms during their lifetime.The pavement deterioration caused by the surrounding environment is particularly severe in winter when the humidity and subfreezing temperatures prevail.frost heave-induced damage is one of the winter-related pavement deterioration.It occurs when the porewater in the soil is exposed to freezing temperatures.The study of frost heave requires conducting a multiphysics analysis,considering the thermal,mechanical,and hydraulic fields.This paper presents the use of a coupled thermo-mechanical approach to simulate frost heave in saturated soils.A function predicting porosity evolution is implemented to couple the thermal and mechanical field analyses.This function indirectly considers the effect of the water seepage inside the soil.Different frost heave scenarios with uniform and non-uniform boundary conditions are considered to demonstrate the capabilities of the method.The results of the simulations indicate that the thermo-mechanical model captures various processes involved in the frost heave phenomenon,such as water fusion,porosity variation,cryogenic suction force generation,and soil expansion.The characteristics and consequences of each process are determined and discussed separately.Furthermore,the results show that non-uniform thermal boundaries and presence of a culvert inside the soil result in uneven ground surface deformations.

关键词： frost heave multiphysics analysis thermo-mechanical approach saturated soils

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Summary of research on frost heave for subgrade in seasonal frozen ground

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2021年第3期13卷 195-205页

作者： Shuang Jia BoWen Tai ShouChen Qi Lei Li Tao Chen School of Hydraulic and Electric Power Heilongjiang UniversityHeilongjiangHarbinHeilongjiang 150086China State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China The Fourth Engineering Co. Ltd.China Railway 14th BureauThe Fourth Engineering Co.Ltd.China Railway 14th BureauJinanShandong 250000China

The building of railways on seasonally frozen ground is inevitable as China pursues economic development and the improvement of its citizens'living standards.However,railway construction in seasonally frozen soil areas is often faced with frost heave,leading to uneven subgrades which seriously threaten traffic safety.This article summarizes extant research results on frost heave mechanism,frost heave factors,and anti-frost measures of railway subgrades in seasonally frozen soil areas.

关键词： seasonal frozen ground railway subgrade frost heave anti-frost measures

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Dynamic response characteristics of a circular lined tunnel under anisotropy frost heave of overlying soil at the tunnel portal section in cold regions

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第5期20卷 1424-1440页

作者： ZHANG Shuo-cheng CHEN Wen-hua School of Civil Engineering Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing 100044China

The rapid development of traffic engineering in cold regions and its consequent problems need to be considered.In this paper,the dynamic response characteristics of the tunnel portal section in cold regions with harmonic load acting on the lining were studied in the frequency domain.The lining is in close contact with the frozen soil,and there is relative movement between the frozen and unfrozen soil due to the phase change.The analytical solution of the vibration of tunnel portal section caused by the harmonic load acting on the lining was derived under the consideration of the anisotropy frost heave of overlying soil.Based on the continuity conditions and boundary conditions,the undetermined coefficients were obtained,and the analytical solutions for different medium displacements and stresses of the cold-region tunnel system were acquired.The vertical pressure coefficient was equivalently simplified as a variable that could be used to replace the thickness of the overlying soil above the tunnel.The analysis of the parameter model shows that the change of the medium parameters(lining,frozen,and unfrozen soil)affects the circumferential stresses,the radial displacements and their peak frequencies of the soil.For example,the increase of density ratio of tunnel lining to frozen soil decreases the radial stresses of the frozen and unfrozen soil;the increase of volumetric frost heaving strain of the frozen soil increases the radial displacements of the frozen surface and decreases the stability of the frozen surface;the increasing of thickness of the frozen soil significantly reduces the radial displacement of unfrozen soil at dimensionless radius η=4.5 compared with that of frozen soil at η=1.5.

关键词： frost heave Tunnel portal section Relative movement Dynamic response characteristics Cold region

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Effects of transient temperature gradient on frost heave of saturated silty clay in an open system

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2023年第6期15卷 268-277页

作者： HongYan Ma YuanFang Cui JianQiao Zhang Song Li Song Xu College of Civil Engineering Fuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian 350108China Yunnan Construction and Investment Holding Co. LtdKunmingYunnan 650501China Ningbo Communications Planning Institute Co. LtdNingboZhejiang 315192China

frost heave in seasonally frozen regions is a one-dimensional process that could severely damage infrastructure subgrades.Stress state,temperature and water migration are important factors for frost heave.This work investigated the effects of soil temperature and volumetric water content on the transient frost heave ratio during the freezing of saturated silty clay in an open system and analyzed the relationships between the transient frost heave ratio and freezing rate and between temperature gradient and frost heave rate.The results show that the frost heave ratio,frost heave rate,and freezing rate are positively correlated with the temperature gradient since the temperature gradient drives the water migration during freezing,indicating the transient temperature gradient could be used to evaluate the frost heave of saturated silty clay.The transient freezing rate and transient frost heave ratio are logarithmically related to the transient frost heave ratio and transient temperature gradient,respectively.The effects of transient temperature gradient on frost heave are the principal mechanism responsible for different frost heave characteristics and uneven frost heave along a subgrade of the same soil type.

关键词： Saturated silty clay frost heave Transient temperature gradient frost heave ratio frost heave rate

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Experimental study on mechanical and frost heave behaviors of silty clay improved by polyvinyl alcohol and polypropylene fiber

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2023年第2期15卷 57-65页

作者： JianKun Liu Sergey Tsaybel XiaoQiang Liu Li Liu XiaoKang Li Xu Li School of Civil Engineering Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiGuangdong 519082China Key Laboratory of Urban Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing 100044China

Silty clay is widely used as subgrade filler in cold regions,which suffer from frost heave in winter and mud pumping in spring.In this study,polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and polypropylene(PP)fiber were used to improve the mechanical and frost heave behavior of silty clay in cold regions,and the direct shear test and one-dimensional frost heave test were employed in studying improvement effects.Moreover,improvement mechanisms of PVA and PP fiber were analyzed based on test results.The main findings are as follows.(1)Both PP and PVA can heighten the strength of silty clay and suppress frost heave,but the PVA solution has a more decisive influence on improving mechanical properties than PP fiber.(2)The improvement mechanism of the PVA solution is cementing.The improvement effect of 2%PVA solution is the best,which can increase the shear strength by approximately 40%–60%at different stress levels and decrease the frost heave ratio from 0.89%to 0.16%at optimal water content.(3)For 2%PVA improved samples,0.25%PP fiber can further increase soil cohesion by approximately 20–30 kPa at different stress levels and further decrease the frost heave ratio from 0.16%to 0.07%at optimal water content.The improvement effect is neglectable when the PP fiber content exceeds 0.25%.Overall,2%PVA with 0.25%PP fiber is the optimum combination to improve silty clay in cold regions.

关键词： frost heave Improved soil Subgrade fillers Polyvinyl alcohol Polypropylene fiber

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Numerical analysis of applying special pavements to solve the frost heave diseases of high-speed railway roadbeds in seasonally frozen ground regions

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2015年第4期7卷 340-347页

作者： Chang Yuan FuJun Niu QiHao Yu XinBin Wang Lei Guo YanHui You State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteCAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Haerbin-Dalian Passenger Dedicated Line is the first high-speed railway constructed in the seasonally frozen ground regions of northeastern China. frost heave diseases occurred in the first winter of its operation （between October 2012 and January 2013）, and frost heave was observed mainly in the roadbed fills that were considered not susceptible to frost heave. This paper proposes applying two special pavements -- black pavement and insulation-black pavement -- to improve the thermal regime of the roadbed. Three numerical models of the roadbed temperature field were built based on the field con- ditions of the Changchun section （D3K692＋840 to D3K692＋860）. The results show that：（1） Compared with cement pave- ment, black pavement and insulation-black pavement could reduce the freezing index at the roadbed surface by 37% and 64%, respectively, which could influence the maximum frozen depth; （2） the maximum frozen depths under the black pavement and insulation-black pavement were respectively 1.3-1.4 m and 1 m. Compared with cement pavement, they could reduce the maximum frozen depth by 0.4 m and 0.7-0.8 m, respectively, which would reduce the permitted amount of frost heave by 4 mm and 7-8 ram, which would meet the deformation limit established by the Code for Design on Special Subgrade of Railway; （3） the freezing periods of the black pavement and the insulation-black pavement were, respectively, approximately four months and two months. Compared with cement pavement, they could reduce the freezing period by approximately 19 days and 40 days, respectively, and delay the initial freezing time by 9 days and 18 days; and （4） compared with cement pavement, black pavement and black-insulation pavement could reduce the frozen areas of roadbeds in the cold season, which suggests that these two special pavements could provide better thermal stability for roadbeds.

关键词： frost heave numerical simulation special pavement thermal regime

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Revision of thickness design of cylindrical frozen walls considering frost heave

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2013年第5期5卷 591-595页

作者： XiaoMin Zhou AnBao Wang HuaDong Guan University of Science and Technology Beijing

This paper outlines development of the thickness design of cylindrical frozen walls in artificial ground freezing （AFG）. A plain strain mechanical model coupled with infinite surrounding soil and rock takes into account the frost heave ratio to investigate the influence of frost heave on the thickness design of frozen wall, and superposition method is used to solve the complicated problem of frozen wall swelling. A revised formula referred to as ＂Baoshen＂ formula has been proposed. This formula provides a convenient analytic solution for any AGF problem involving not only frost heave but also the action of surrounding soil.

关键词： artificial ground freezing frost heave frozen wall

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A semi-analytical solution for frost heave prediction of clay soil

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2014年第5期6卷 499-503页

作者： Hui Bing Ying Zhang GuoYu Li State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences

frost heave is one of the main freezing problems for construction in permafrost regions.The Konrad-Morgenstern segregation potential（SP） model is being used in practice for frost heave using numerical techniques.However,the heat release from in-situ and migrated water in the freezing zone could result in some numerical instability,so the simulation of frost fringe is not ideal.In this study,a semi-analytical solution is developed for frost heave prediction of clay soil.The prediction results to the two tests with different freezing mode with clay soil agree well with the tested behavior,which indicates the feasibility of the solution.

关键词： frost heave semi-analytical solution segregation potential clay

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frost heave DAMAGE TO A ROAD ON A PERMAfrost ISLAND

FROST HEAVE DAMAGE TO A ROAD ON A PERMAFROST ISLAND

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The seventh International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering

作者： Yu Sheng Jichun Wu Ji Chen Hui Yu State Key Laboratory of frozen Soil Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteCAS

There widely exists permafrost over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Many roads have to pass permafrost regions.In northeast edge of the plateau,a section of a road has been suffering from frost heave damage for many years.In 2004,a drilling investigation was carried out.It was found that the section of the road was built on a permafrost island,and the soil in active layer belongs to the frost-sensibility silt.Springs on mountain slopes supply the silt with sufficient water.Samples of the silt were taken back to conduct frost heave tests.The frost heave tests were conducted under three moisture conditions,namely sufficient water supply,at liquid limit water content without water supply,and at plastic limit water content without water supply.Test results reveal that a considerable frost heave appears for the water supply samples,and multi-layer segregated ice is observed.On the other hand,the frost heave is not obvious while keeping water content of samples below its plastic limit.Based on the results,reasonable suggestions were proposed to the road reconstruction.

关键词： permafrost ice layer road frost heave

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