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A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China

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Petroleum Science 2017年第4期14卷 806-821页

作者： Jian-Liang Wang Jiang-Xuan Feng Yongmei Bentley Lian-Yong Feng Hui Qu School of Business Administration China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China University of Bedfordshire Business School Luton LUI 3JUUK Petroleum Industry Press CNPCBeijing lO0011China

This paper reviews China’s future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China’s total oil production will likely reach its peak, at about 230 Mt/year(or 9.6 EJ/year),in 2018; its total gas production will peak at around350 Bcm/year(or 13.6 EJ/year) in 2040, while coal production will peak at about 4400 Mt/year(or 91.9 EJ/year)around 2020 or so. In terms of the forecast production of these fuels, there are significant differences among current studies. These differences can be mainly explained by different ultimately recoverable resources assumptions, the nature of the models used, and differences in the historical production data. Due to the future constraints on fossil fuels production, a large gap is projected to grow between domestic supply and demand, which will need to be met by increasing imports. Net energy analyses show that both coal and oil and gas production show a steady declining trend of EROI(energy return on investment) due to the depletion of shallow-buried coal resources and conventional oil and gas resources, which is generally consistent with the approaching peaks of physical production of fossil fuels. The peaks of fossil fuels production, coupled with the decline in EROI ratios, are likely to challenge the sustainable development of Chinese society unless new abundant energy resources with high EROI values can be found.

关键词： Peak production fossil fuels Net energy EROI China

Carbon Capture Technologies in OAPEC Member Countries and the Circular Carbon Economy: A Roadmap to Zero Emissions by 2050

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Open Journal of Energy Efficiency 2024年第2期13卷 25-37页

作者： Salem Baidas Sematco Soil and Engineering Material Testing Co. Kuwait City Kuwait

Several Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) member states (OMSs) have updated their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) with the aim of achieving zero carbon emissions by 2050. Carbon neutrality requires shifting from a linear carbon economy (LCE) to a circular carbon economy (CCE). Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, including reduction, recycle, reuse, removal, and storage technologies, represent an important strategy for achieving such a shift. Herein, we investigate the effects of CCS technology adoption in six OMSs—namely the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Algeria, and Iraq—by examining their Circular Carbon Economy Index (CCEI) scores, which reflect compliance with CCE-transition policies. Total CCEI, current performance CCEI dimension, and future enabler CCEI dimensions scores were compared among the aforementioned six OMSs and relative to Norway, which was used as a global-high CCEI reference standard. Specifically, CCEI general scope and CCEI oil scope dimension scores were compared. The KSA, Qatar, the UAE, and Kuwait had higher CCEI scores than Algeria and Iraq, reflecting their greater adoption of CCE-transition policies and greater emission-reducing modernization investments. The current performance CCEI scores of Algeria and Iraq appear to be buttressed to some extent by their greater natural carbon sink resources. Based on the findings, we recommend specific actions for OMSs to enhance their CCE transitions and mitigate the negative impacts associated with the associated investments, including: taking rapid practical steps to eliminate carbon oil industry emissions;detailed CCS planning by national oil companies;international cooperation and coordination;and increased investment in domestic CCS utilization infrastructure.

关键词： OAPEC Petroleum fossil fuels Carbon Capture and Storage Circular Carbon Economy

Environmental life-cycle assessment of waste-coal pellets production

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Clean Energy 2022年第1期6卷 1-14页

作者： Dawid P.Hanak Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection Energy and Power ThemeSchool of WaterEnergy and EnvironmentCranfield UniversityBedfordBedfordshireMK430ALUK

Industrial decarbonization is crucial to keeping the global mean temperature<1.5°C above pre-industrial *** unabated coal use needs to be phased out,coal is still expected to remain an important source of energy in power and energy-intensive industries until the *** of coal exploration,mining and processing have resulted in~30 billion tonnes of waste-coal tailings being stored in coal impoundments,posing environmental *** study presents an environmental life-cycle assessment of a coal-processing technology to produce coal pellets from the waste coal stored in *** has been shown that the waste-coal pellets would result in the cradle-to-gate global warming of 1.68-3.50 kgCO_(2,eq)/G_(Jch),depending on the source of electricity used to drive the *** contrast,the corresponding figure for the supply of conventional coal in the US was estimated to be 12.76 kgCO_(2,eq)/G_(Jch).Such a reduction in the global-warming impact confirms that waste-coal pellets can be a viable source of energy that will reduce the environmental impact of the power and energy-intensive industries in the short term.A considered case study showed that complete substitution of conventional coal with the waste-coal pellets in a steelmaking plant would reduce the greenhouse-gas emissions from 2649.80 to 2439.50 kgCO_(2,eq)/t_(steel).This,in turn,would reduce the life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of wind-turbine manufacturing by≤8.6%.Overall,this study reveals that the use of waste-coal pellets can bring a meaningful reduction in industrial greenhouse-gas emissions,even before these processes are fully decarbonized.

关键词： coal impoundments LCA environmental-impact assessment renewable energy decarbonization fossil fuels

Reaction kinetic model for a recent co-produced water treatment technology

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第3期23卷 360-365页

作者： Abdulwahab M Ali Tuwati Mark A.Bentley Chemical & Petroleum Engineering University of Wyoming

With the increasing demand for fossil based energy and implementation of progressively strict environmental pollution control standards, treatment of a large amount of co-produced waters （CPWs） from fossil based energy production has become increasingly important. Removal of bicarbonate with H2SO4 has been recently studied as a simple and cost-effective method to decrease the alkalinity of CPWs. The present work investigates the kinetics of the reaction between H2SO4 and NaHCO3, which could provide the base for scaling-up the CPW treatment technology. Based on the measured quantity change of the CO2 gas generated from the reaction between H2SO4 and NaHCO3 with time under specified initial reaction conditions, the reaction orders with respect to H2SO4 and NaHCO3 were determined. Experiments were also conducted within the temperature of 15-30℃ to find various global rate coefficients of the reaction to calculate the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of the empirical Arrhenius form of the bicarbonate removal reaction, which are 197.7 kJ/mol and 3.13 × 1034 （mol-3.7 ×L3.7 ×sec^-1 ）, respectively.

关键词： fossil fuels water wastewater alkalinity bicarbonate

An improved data space inversion method to predict reservoir state fields via observed production data

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Petroleum Science 2021年第4期18卷 1127-1142页

作者： Deng Liu Xiang Rao Hui Zhao Yun-Feng Xu Ru-Xiang Gong Cooperative Innovation Center of Unconventional Oil and Gas(Ministry of Education&Hubei Province) Yangtze UniversityWuhan434023HubeiPR China School of Petroleum Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan434023HubeiPR China CNOOC Oilfield Services Co. Ltd.Tianjin30000PR China

A data-space inversion(DSI)method has been recently proposed and successfully applied to the history matching and production prediction of *** on Bayesian theory,DSI can directly and effectively obtain good posterior flow predictions without inversion of geological parameters of reservoir *** paper presents an improved DSI method to fast predict reservoir state fields(*** and pressure profiles)via observed production ***,a large number of production curves and state data are generated by reservoir model simulation to expand the data space of original ***,efficient history matching only on the observed production data is carried out via the original DSI to obtain related parameters which reflects the weight of the real reservoir model relative to prior reservoir ***,those parameters are used to predict the oil saturation and pressure profiles of the real reservoir model by combining large amounts of state data of prior reservoir *** examples including conventional heterogeneous and unconventional fractured reservoir are implemented to test the performances of predicting saturation and pressure profiles of this improved DSI ***,this method is also tested in a real field and the obtained results show the high computational efficiency and high accuracy of the practical application of this method.

关键词： fossil fuels Oil and gas reservoirs Reservoir state fields Production data Data inversion method

A unified model for the formation and distribution of both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第2期12卷 695-711页

作者： Xiongqi Pang Chengzao Jia Junqing Chen Maowen Li Wenyang Wang Qinhong Hu Yingchun Guo Zhangxin Chen Junwen Peng Keyu Liu Keliu Wu State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting Beijing 102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China Exploration&Development Research Institute China National Petroleum CorporationBeijing 100724China College of Science China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing 100083China Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgary T2N 1N4Canada The University of Texas at Arlington ArlingtonTX 76019USA Institue of Geomechanics China Academy of Geological ScienceBeijing 100081China Bureau of Economic Geology University of Texas at AustinAustin TX 78713USA CSIRO Energy 26 Dick Perry AveKensingtonWA 6151Australia

The discovery and large-scale exploration of unconventional oil/gas resources since 1980s have been considered as the most important advancement in the history of petroleum geology;that has not only changed the balance of supply and demand in the global energy market,but also improved our understanding of the formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of oil/gas ***,what is the difference of conventional and unconventional resources and why they always related to each other in petroliferous basins is not *** the differences and correlations between unconventional and conventional resources are complex challenging issues and very critical for resources assessment and hydrocarbon exploration,this paper focused on studying the relationship of formations and distributions among different oil/gas *** results of 12,237 exploratory wells in 6 representative petroliferous basins of China and distribution characteristics for 52,926 oil/gas accumulations over the world were applied to clarify the formation conditions and genetic relations of different oil/gas reservoirs in a petroliferous basin,and then to establish a unified model to address the differences and correlations of conventional and unconventional *** this model,conventional reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field with high porosity and permeability located above the boundary of hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth *** tight reservoirs formed in confined hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and permeability located between hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit and hydrocarbon accumulation depth *** oil/gas reservoirs formed in the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and ultra-low permeability within the source rock *** than 75%of proved reserves around the world are discovered in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field,which is estimated to contain only 10%of originally gen

关键词： fossil fuels Hydrocarbon resources Unified model of reservoirs formation Hydrocarbon reservoirs Hydrocarbon accumulation Hydrocarbon dynamic field

The energy-environment nexus:aerosol science and technology enabling solutions

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2011年第3期5卷 299-312页

作者： Pratim BISWAS Wei-Ning WANG Woo-Jin AN Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory Department of EnergyEnvironmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St.LouisSt.LouisMO 63130USA

Energy issues are important and consumption is slated to increase across the globe in the *** energy-environment nexus is very important as strategies to meet future energy demand are *** ensure sustainable growth and development,it is essential that energy production is environmentally *** are two temporal issues—one that is immediate,and needs to address the environmental compliance of energy generation from fossil fuel sources;and second that is the need to develop newer alternate and more sustainable approaches in the *** science and technology is an enabling discipline that addresses the energy issue over both these time *** paper is a review of aspects of aerosol science and engineering that helps address carbon neutrality of fossil *** materials to meet these challenges are *** approaches to effective harvesting of sunlight that are enabled by aerosol studies are discussed.

关键词： energy-environment nexus aerosol science and technology fossil fuels carbon dioxide conversion solar energy nanoparticle technology

An Overview of Hydropower and Biomass Use in Mozambique

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2023年第7期14卷 507-526页

作者： Shylet Tsoca Environmental Sciences at European University of Lefke Lefke Cyprus

Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and the reduction of the country’s reliance on foreign fuels which are expensive and an economic burden on a country with an extremely high poverty index in Africa. Green energies like hydropower, solar energy and biomass are already in use with biomass leading, followed by hydropower. This paper explores and analyses the use of hydropower and biomass in Mozambique with the focus being on the extent of their use in the country and the impacts associated with their use. It also aims to look at policies that have been implemented to promote the use of these renewable sources of energy, and it discusses the success of the implementation of these policies and if they have helped in making the use of biomass and hydropower sustainable. The environmental impact of the use of green energies is minimum if compared to fossil fuels but this paper aims to show that there is concern in their use, especially the use of Biomass as there is little consideration being given to its environmental footprint. Mozambique has great potential for hydropower and bioenergy, but potential does not depict the reality as there are several issues to consider before the implementation of such in a developing country like Mozambique and this work explores the existence of issues that affect or hinder the growth and the sustainability of the use Biomass and Hydropower, and this is crucial in policy revision and implementation.

关键词： Renewable Energies Green Energies Hydropower Solar Energy Biomass Greenhouse Gases Environmental Impacts Environmental Footprint fossil fuels Developing Country Sustainability Policy Implementation

Biofuels and food security

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2015年第1期2卷 1-12页

作者： Dmitry S.STREBKOV All-Russian Research Institute for Electri fi cation of Agriculture (VIESH) 1-st. Veshnyakovsky proezd 2 Moscow 109456 Russia

The major source of energy comes from fossil *** current situation in the fi eld of fuel and energy is becoming more problematic as world population continues to grow because of the limitation of fossil fuels reserve and its pressure on *** review aims to fi nd economic,reliable,renewable and non-polluting energy sources to reduce high energy tariffs in Russian *** is fuel derived directly from plants,or indirectly from agricultural,commercial,domestic,and/or industrial *** alternative energy sources including solar energy and electric power generation are also *** 100 Mt of biomass available for energy purposes is produced every year in *** of the downsides of biomass energy is its potential threatens to food security and forage *** innovative approach proved that multicomponent fuel(80%diesel oil content for motor and 64%for in stove fuel)can remarkably reduce the *** paper proposed that the most promising energy model for future is based on direct solar energy conversion and transcontinental terawatt power transmission with the use of resonant wave-guide technology.

关键词： fossil fuels biofuels food security electric power solar energy