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forest biodiversity, relationships to structural and functional attributes, and stability in New England forests

forest Ecosystems 2018年第2期5卷 177-188页

作者： Yude Pan Kevin McCullough David Y. Hollinger USDA forest Service Durham NH USA USDA forest Service Madison WI USA

Background： forest biodiversity is the foundation of many ecosystem services, and the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and processes （BEF） has been a central issue in biodiversity studies. Although many hypotheses have been developed to interpret global gradients of biodiversity, there has not been complete agreement on mechanisms controlling biodiversity patterns and distributions. Differences may be due to limited observation data and inconsistencies of spatial scales in analysis. Methods： In this study, we take advantage of USDA forest Service forest inventory and analysis （FIA） data for exploring regional forest biodiversity and BEF in New England forests. The FIA data provide detailed information of sampled plots and trees for the region, including 6000 FIA plots and more than 33,000 individual trees. biodiversity models were used to analyze the data. Results： Tree species diversity increases from the north to the south at a rate about 2-3 species per latitudinal degree. Tree species diversity is better predicted by tree height than forest age or biomass. Very different distribution patterns of two common maple species, sugar maple （Acer sdcchorum） and red maple （Acer rubrum）, highlight the vulnerability of sugar maple and its potential replacement by red maple on New England landscapes. Red maple generally already outperforms sugar maple, and will likely and continuously benefit from a changing climate in New England. Conclusions： We conclude that forest structure （height） and resources （biomass） are more likely foundational characteristics supporting biodiversity rather than biodiversity determining forest productivity and/or biomass. The potential replacement of red maple for sugar maple in the New England areas could affect biodiversity and stability of forest ecosystem functioning because sugar maple plays important ecological roles distinct from red maple that are beneficial to other tree species in northern hardwood forests. Such a change

关键词： forest biodiversity biodiversity effect on function (BEF) New England forest inventory data Species diversity Latitudinal diversity gradient forest stability of ecosystem functioning forest resilience Sugar maple Red maple Changing climate

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The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2012年第1期10卷 111-115页

作者： Richard A.Giliba Zacharia J.Lupala Canisius J.Kayombo Yobu M.Kiungo Patrick Mwendwa forestry Training Institute Tanzania Kilolo District Natural Resources Office Iringa Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Kenya

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of locacal institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi forest Reserve, Tanzania. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal and field observations. The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include： Village Natural Resources Man- agement Committee （92%）, tree nursery group （79.4%）, beekeep- ing groups （61.1%）, fish fanning （43.3%）, livestock rearing group （33.9%）. Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability Of forest reserve include： forest patrols, fire extinguish, preparation of fire breaks, plant- ing of trees along the forest boundaries, creation of awareness, arresting of forest defaulters, participation in income generation activities. For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions, the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.

关键词： local institution participatory forest management forest biodiversity

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Measurement Models of forest biodiversity Variation and Its Controlling Study in China

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Chinese forestry Science and Technology 2003年第3期2卷 46-53页

作者： ZHANG YingCollege of Economics and Management, Beijing forestry University Beijing 100083. P. R. China

According to the evaluative data of forest biodiversity variation in China from 1973 to 1998, not only the gray model GM( 1,2), but also the status spatial characterization model with the optimal control model for forest biodiversity variation is developed by using some mathematic approaches and knowledge in economic cybernetics. Furthermore, the structural characteristics of forest biodiversity variation are analyzed. The paper points out that the variation of forest biodiversity is instable, but it ca...

关键词： forest biodiversity status analysis construction characteristics optimal control China

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Controlling Study of forest biodiversity Variation in China

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forest Ecosystems 2003年第S1期 37-41页

作者： Zhang Ying School of Economics and Management,Beijing forestry University,Beijing 100083,P.R.China

To continue the research project—Analysis of forest biodiversity Changes in China,the author developed the graymodel GM（1,2）,as well as the status spatial characterization model with the optimal control model for forest biodiversity variationby using some mathematical approaches and knowledge in economic ***,the structural characteristics of forestbiodiversity variation were *** paper points out that the variation of forest biodiversity is instable,but it can be controlledand known *** close-loop feedback controlling and the optimal controlling are also *** is to say,thepre-established targets of forest biodiversity variation can be met by adjusting the policy variables,thus alleviating the pressure offorest *** variation of forest biodiversity can be shown by the pressure index of *** paper finally shows thatwhen the pressure index of forest biodiversity is a constant 100,the optimal movement curves are （?）(t)=57.941 8+371.9109e;and （?）(t)=129.076 5-3.8591e;respectively.

关键词： forest biodiversity status analysis structural characteristics optimal control China

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Two decades of variable retention in British Columbia: a review of its implementation and effectiveness for biodiversity conservation

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 402-423页

作者： William J.Beese John Deal B.Glen Dunsworth Stephen J.Mitchell Timothy J.Philpott Vancouver Island University 900 Fifth StreetNanaimoBC V9R 5S5Canada Western forest Products 118–1334 Island Hwy.Campbell RiverBC V9W 8C9Canada Glen Dunsworth Ecological Consulting 7857 Shangri-La Rd.LantzvilleBC V0R 2H0Canada University of British Columbia 2424 Main MallVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada BC Min.of forests Lands and Nat.Res.Oper400–640 Borland St.Williams LakeBC V2G 4T1Canada

Stand-level retention is an important component of sustainable forest management which aims to balance ecological,social and economic ***-term retention of mature forest structures at the time of harvesting(variable retention)is intended to produce future forest stands that more closely resemble conditions that develop after natural disturbances,thereby maintaining greater diversity of habitats for a variety of *** includes features such as live and dead trees representing multiple canopy layers,undisturbed understory vegetation and coarse woody *** the past two decades,variable retention has become common on forest lands in the temperate rainforests of coastal British Columbia(BC)and has been applied to a lesser extent in inland forest *** review of studies in BC and in similar forest types in our region indicates that both aggregated and dispersed retention can contribute to biodiversity conservation by providing short-term‘life-boating’habitat for some species and by enhancing the structural characteristics of future *** example,greater abundance of species present in the pre-harvest forest have been documented for vegetation,birds,carabid beetles,gastropods,ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil fauna in retention cutblocks compared to *** are,however,some negative consequences for timber production such as wind damage to retained trees and reduced growth rates of tree regeneration compared to *** authors suggest an adaptive management approach for balancing competing objectives when faced with *** includes monitoring the implementation and effectiveness of various strategies for achieving *** two decades of experience applying variable retention harvesting to industrial-scale management of forest lands in BC suggests that it is possible to balance production of wood with biodiversity conservation.

关键词： Alternative silvicultural systems Clearcutting Biological legacies forest biodiversity Old-growth Variable retention British Columbia

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Variable retention harvesting in Victoria’s Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests (southeastern Australia)

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 12-20页

作者： David Lindenmayer David Blair Lachlan McBurney Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National UniversityCanberra ACT2601Australia

Variable retention harvesting is a silvicultural system that focuses on retaining key elements of stand structure at the time of logging and is increasingly being used *** describe the design and establishment of a variable retention harvesting experiment established in the Mountain Ash(Eucalyptus regnans)forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria,south-eastern *** experiment was instigated in 2003,and the work to date has shown that it has environmental benefits for certain groups of small mammals,birds,and vascular *** experiment has been integrated with an ongoing long-term monitoring program as well as other experiments such as those in post-fire salvage-logged ***,the results of various studies suggest that the potential value of variable retention harvesting extends beyond green-tree logging to post-fire salvage logging *** outline some of the challenges in,and new perspectives derived from,implementing and maintaining our *** included difficulties protecting islands from high-intensity post-harvest regeneration burns and threat of declining funding undermining ongoing project viability.A critically important perspective concerns the ecological and economic context in which variable retention harvesting is *** the particular case of Mountain Ash forests,assessments using formal IUCN criteria classify the ecosystem as being Critically Endangered under the Red Listed Ecosystem *** a result,Mountain Ash forests are at a high risk of ecosystem *** logging will increase that risk,making the basis for continued harvesting *** addition,economic analyses suggest that the value of natural assets,like water production,far outweigh the value of the wood products harvested from the Mountain Ash ecosystem,again leading to questions about the viability of ongoing *** therefore conclude that whilst variable retention harvesting has the potential to contrib

关键词： Alternative silvicultural systems Clear-cutting Biological legacies forest biodiversity forest economics,Retention islands

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