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Monitoring spatiotemporal soil moisture changes in the subsurface of forest sites using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)

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Journal of forestry Research 2022年第5期33卷 1649-1662页

作者： Julian Fäth Julius Kunz Christof Kneisel Institute of Geography and Geology University of WürzburgAm Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany

The effects of drought on tree mortality at forest stands are not completely understood. For assessing their water supply, knowledge of the small-scale distribution of soil moisture as well as its temporal changes is a key issue in an era of climate change. However, traditional methods like taking soil samples or installing data loggers solely collect parameters of a single point or of a small soil volume. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a suitable method for monitoring soil moisture changes and has rarely been used in forests. This method was applied at two forest sites in Bavaria, Germany to obtain high-resolution data of temporal soil moisture variations. Geoelectrical measurements (2D and 3D) were conducted at both sites over several years (2015-2018/2020) and compared with soil moisture data (matric potential or volumetric water content) for the monitoring plots. The greatest variations in resistivity values that highly correlate with soil moisture data were found in the main rooting zone. Using the ERT data, temporal trends could be tracked in several dimensions, such as the interannual increase in the depth of influence from drought events and their duration, as well as rising resistivity values going along with decreasing soil moisture. The results reveal that resistivity changes are a good proxy for seasonal and interannual soil moisture variations. Therefore, 2D- and 3D-ERT are recommended as comparatively non-laborious methods for small-spatial scale monitoring of soil moisture changes in the main rooting zone and the underlying subsurface of forested sites. Higher spatial and temporal resolution allows a better understanding of the water supply for trees, especially in times of drought.

关键词： Geoelectrical monitoring forest ecology Hydrology Soil water content

Index of Atmospheric Purity reflects the ecological conditions better than the environmental pollution in the Carpathian forests

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Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第11期17卷 2691-2706页

作者： Magdalena TANONA Pawel CZARNOTA Department of ecology and Environmental Protection University of RzeszówZelwerowicza 4 Street35-601 RzeszówPoland

The Index of Atmospheric Purity(IAP)is a popular tool used for the assessment of air quality in polluted urban areas,on the basis of phytosociological data of epiphytic lichen *** hypothesized that this indicator could also be used in less polluted forest areas to determine the quality of ecological conditions for *** aim of the present study was to verify the use of IAP method in the assessment of environmental pollution,and alternatively for the assessment of general ecological conditions in protected mountain forests of Gorce National Park(Polish Western Carpathians)based on the epiphytic lichen biota associated with Picea *** spatial distribution of IAP values on monitored sites in GNP was compared with:1)spatial distribution of accumulated sulfur,nitrogen,selected heavy metals,and total heavy metals in Hypogymnia physodes thalli in 1993 and 2018(30 sites),2)mean ecological indicator values characterizing species requirements for light(L),substrate reaction(R)and nutrients(N),in 1993,2013 and 2018(33 sites).Generalized linear model and redundancy analysis were performed for disclosing most influencing factors affecting lichen *** study revealed a few negligible relationships between IAP values and accumulation of such elements as Ni,Mn,Cd,and Cr in both monitoring ***,IAP can be useful for the identification of forest areas with a high degree of naturalness.

关键词： Biomonitoring Lichens forest ecology Norway spruce Ecological indices Environmental pollution

Forage offering and seasonal intake comparisons to evaluate European rabbit threat in Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 604-617页

作者： Alejandro Huertas Herrera Mónica Toro‑Manríquez Laura Borrelli María Vanessa Lencinas Guillermo Martínez Pastur Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia(CIEP) Camino Baguales s/n Km 4CoyhaiqueChile Ulterarius Consultores Ambientales y Científicos Ltda. Ignacio Serrano 420CoyhaiqueChile Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria(INTA) EEA BarilocheModesta Victoria 44508400 San Carlos de BarilocheRío NegroArgentina Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas(CADIC)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET)Houssay 2009410 UshuaiaTierra del FuegoArgentina.

Background:The European rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus L.1758)was introduced into different regions of the world,generating significant trade‑offs that critically impacted native ***,we evaluate the rabbit’s forage intakes in three vegetation types(forests,shrublands,and grasslands)along the four seasons in a temperate forest landscape in Southern Patagonia and discuss the potential threats over native *** formulated the following questions:(i)what is the forage offer at each vegetation type?(ii)what is the rabbit’s forage intake and how it varied across the seasons along the year?and(iii)which vegetation types and plant life forms were more used according to the rabbit’s forage intakes?Methods:We censused understory vegetation to characterize the forage offer at each vegetation type and determined seasonal dietary intakes using microhistological analysis of *** plant species identified in the field were grouped according to life form classes(tree regeneration,shrubs,forbs,graminoids,orchids,ferns,bryophytes,and hemiparasites).Data were analysed through uni‑and multi‑variate analyses,determining relationships between forage offer and the rabbit’s forage ***:Forage intakes revealed changes in plant life form consumption across vegetation types,where intake pressure was considerably different for tree regeneration(p=0.001),graminoids(p=0.001),and hemiparasites(p=0.001).Besides,significant changes in consumption among seasons were detected for shrubs(p=0.001),ferns(p=0.030),and hemiparasites(p=0.002).Although many species play an important role in the rabbit’s forage intake networks(e.g.,Chiliotrichum diffusum,Holcus lanatus),the strongest intake linkages were found in exotic grasses(e.g.,Poa pratensis and Festuca sp.),native hemiparasites(e.g.,Misodendrum sp.),native shrubs(e.g.,Empetrum rubrum),and native trees(e.g.,Nothofagus sp.).The summer and autumn seasons presented higher intake compared to the winter and spring seasons.F

关键词： forest ecology Oryctolagus cuniculus Plant-animal interaction Vegetation type Herbivory Habitat use

Phenological study of congeneric Myrcia species and Clethra scabra in wetland and drained habitats in a Montane forest

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Journal of forestry Research 2021年第4期32卷 1419-1427页

作者： Vinícius Londe Jaqueline Alves Pereira Hildeberto Caldas de Sousa Lisbon Portugal ecology of Tropical Biomes Graduate Course Federal University of Ouro PretoOuro PretoMinas Gerais 35400-000Brazil Department of Biodiversity Evolution and EnvironmentFederal University of Ouro PretoOuro PretoMinas Gerais 35400-000Brazil

Although important,phenological studies comparing congeneric species or the same species growing in different habitats are still scarce for the ***,we integrate phylogeny,ecology and biometeorology to verify whether the phenophases of congeneric species Myrcia laruotteana and Myrcia amazonica or Clethra scabra differ when their populations inhabit wetland and drained habitats and to determine what abiotic factors affect the vegetative and reproductive phenophases of these species in distinct habitat *** collected data on phenological events of 80 trees for 1 year in Itacolomi State Park,Brazil,and related them to abiotic local *** to our expectation,the phenophases of the congeneric species did not differ between habitats,but the reproductive phenophases of *** did and was greater in drained *** of *** were affected by the depth of the water table and maximum temperature in the wetland ***,precipitation,maximum temperature and relative humidity influenced Myrcia and Clethra in the drained *** differences between *** populations suggest that this species is phenotypically plastic and can present distinct phenophases depending on the habitat it *** the other hand,the congeneric Myrcia species may have similar phenophases in distinct habitats because of their shared similarities during their *** study provides a better understanding of the ecology of these species and their adaptations to different abiotic *** of this nature are important in a changing world and can inform strategies for adaptive management.

关键词： Abiotic factors forest ecology Phenophases Soil types

Sessile oak forest plant community changes on the NE Iberian Peninsula over recent decades

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Journal of Plant ecology 2019年第5期12卷 894-906页

作者： Jordi Bou Lluís Vilar LAGP-Flora and Vegetation Institute of the EnvironmentUniversity of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain

Aims Our aims were 3-fold:(i)to determine whether global change has altered the composition and structure of the plant community found in the sessile oak forests on the NE Iberian Peninsula over the last decades,(ii)to establish whether the decline in forest exploitation activities that has taken place since the mid-20th century has had any effect on the forests and(iii)to ascertain whether there is any evidence of impact from climate *** We assess changes in the plant community by comparing a cur-rent survey of sessile oak forest with a historical data set obtained from previous regional studies dating from 1962 to *** ana-lyse the regional changes in the community in terms of biodiversity variables,species composition and plant ***,plants traits such as plant life forms and chorological groups are used to discern any effects from land-use changes and climate warming on the plant *** Findingsthere has been a loss of diversity in the community and,in the hottest region,there is also a loss of species *** composition of the community suggests that,although significant changes have taken place over recent decades,these changes differ between regions as a result of the low impact global change has had in the western *** instance,while the tree canopy cover in the western sessile oak forests remains stable,the eastern sessile oak forests are still recovering from the former exploitation that led to a loss of their rich and abundant herbaceous *** fact,the recovery process in the catalan Pre-coastal Range has constituted an increase in the Euro-Siberian plants typical to this ***,in the eastern forests,there is evidence that climate warming has impacted the thermophilization of the sessile oak forests found on the coastal Range.

关键词： global change community ecology Quercus petraea forest ecology

Truffle-like fungi sporocarps in a eucalypt-dominated landscape: patterns in diversity and community structure

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Fungal Diversity 2013年第1期58卷 143-157页

作者： Melissa Danks Teresa Lebel Karl Vernes Nigel Andrew Ecosystem Management University of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales 2351Australia National Herbarium of Victoria Royal Botanic Gardens MelbourneSouth YarraVictoria 3141Australia Centre for Behavioural and Physiological ecology ZoologyUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales 2351Australia

Truffle-like fungi are highly diverse yet poorly known in *** assess the species richness,biomass,and community assemblages of truffle-like fungi in different habitats we sampled sporocarps of truffle-like fungi in three eucalypt-dominated forest types(grassy woodland,wet sclerophyll forest,and dry sclerophyll forest)once in summer and once in winter,at two sites(Mount Kaputar and New England)in northern New South Wales,*** hundred and eighteen species in 35 genera were collected;over half(51.7%)of the species were *** woodland and wet forest communities had greater species richness and a lower standing crop than dry forest *** richness and standing crop was greater in winter than in ***,species from the family Russulaceae,and the genera Dermocybe,Descomyces,and Hysterangium were *** composition varied among forest types and each forest type exhibited a suite of unique and common species,although much variation was *** in community structure was associated with some habitat attributes;at Mount Kaputar,woody plant species richness,canopy cover,litter depth,soil phosphorous,and elevation helped explain the sporocarp communities of different forest types,while at New England,woody plant species richness,rainfall,topographic aspect,soil texture,and soil nitrogen helped explain *** work contributes to knowledge of trufflelike fungal diversity,the factors affecting sporocarp distribution across landscapes,and the availability of sporocarps as a food resource for mycophagous *** understanding of fungal diversity and mammal-fungal interactions also has important implications for managing forest biodiversity.

关键词： Basidiomycetes Biodiversity forest ecology Fungal diversity Mycorrhizal fungi Sequestrate fungi

√2 Rule for Controlling the Tree Pattern in forest Cut

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Frontiers in Biology 2006年第1期1卷 71-75页

作者： Luo Chuanwen Li Jihong College of forestry Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China forest Management Department College of ForestryNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China

A forest’s productivity can be optimized by the application of rules derived from monopolized circles.A monopolized circle is defined as a circle whose center is a tree and whose radius is half of the distance between the tree itself and its nearest *** characteristics of monopolized circle are proved.(1)Monopolized circles do not overlay each other,the nearest relationship being tangent.(2)“Full uniform pattern”means that the grid of trees(a×b=N)covers the whole plot,so that the distance between each tree in a row is the same as the row *** total monopolized circle area with a full uniform pattern is independent on the number of trees and4 times the plot area.(3)If a tree is removed,the area of some trees’monopolized circle will increase without decreasing the monopolized circles of the other *** to the above three characteristics,“uniform index”is defined as the total area of monopolized circles in a plot divided by the total area of the monopolized circles,arranged in a uniform pattern in the same shaped *** to the definition of monopolized circle,the distribution of uniform index(L)=x^(2)(2n)/2πn for a random pattern and E(L)=1/n;the variance of L is D(L)=1/nπ^(2).It is evident that E(L)is independent on N and the plot area;hence,L is a relative index.L can be used to compare the uniformity among plots with different areas and the numbers of *** a random pattern,where L is equivalent to the tree density of the plot in which the number of trees is 1 and the area isπ,the influence of tree number and plot area to L is *** n→∞,D(L)→0 and L→1/π=0.318;it indicates that the greater the number of tree is in the plots,the smaller the difference between the uniform indices will *** are three types of patterns for describing tree distribution(aggregated,random,and uniform patterns).Since the distribution of L in the random pattern is accurately derived,L can be used to test the pattern *** research on M

关键词： forest ecology monopolized circle pattern Poisson distribution pattern control uniform index

Review:effects of wind on trees

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Journal of forestry Research 2004年第2期15卷 153-160,i003,i004页

作者：朱教君刘足根 MATSUZAKI Takeshi Gonda Yutaka Gonda Yutaka 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所沈阳110016中国中国科学院研究生院北京100039中国日本国立新泻大学农学部 950-2181新泻日本 Faculty of Agriculture Niigata UniversityNiiigata950-2181Japan

Wind not only causes extensive damages to trees in many parts of the world, it also has more subtle effects on the growth and morphology of trees and forest ecology as well. Wind damage to trees has historically been the field of silviculture, but increasing recognition of the importance and complexity of the subject has recently got people involved from many other disciplines. Due to the global climate changes, it is believed that the risk of further and stronger storms is increasing. In order to better understand the effects of wind on individual trees, forest stand and forest ecosystem, and further to practice the management of forests, it is necessary to summarize the research results related to this subject. This review was mostly based on the references from recent researches in the field, especially from the symposium volumes of some international conferences on this subject. The results indicated that there have been significant progresses in the following aspects: 1) the aerodynamic interaction between wind and trees, 2) the mechanics of trees under wind loading and adaptive growth, 3) the tree's physiological responses to wind, and 4) the risk assessment of wind damage to forest. However, there are some aspects which may need further studies: 1) wind damage to natural forests, 2) wind-driven gap formation and forest dynamics, 3) the effects of changes resulted from wind disturbances on ecological processes of forest ecosystem, and 4) management for the wind-damaged forests. Key words Wind - Wind effect - Trees/forest - forest ecology - Disturbance CLC number S718 Document code B Foundation item: This research was supported by “the 100-Young-Researcher Project” of Chinese Academy of Sciences (BR0301) and National Natural Science Foundation (30371149).Biography: ZHU Jiao-jun (1965-), male, Ph. Doctor, Professor of Institute of Applied ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Professor of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences. China. Schola

关键词： Wind Wind effect Trees/forest forest ecology Disturbance

Wind profiles in and over trees

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Journal of forestry Research 2004年第4期15卷 305-312页

作者： ZHU Jiao-jun LI Xiu-fen Gonda Yutaka Matsuzaki Takeshi Institute of Applied ecology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016P.R.China Gratuate School Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100039P.R.China Faculty of Agriculture Niigata UniversityNiigata950-2181Japan

One of the most important and frequently studied variable in forests and the most basic element in governing transport processes of airflow is wind speed. The study of wind profile, defined as the change of wind velocity with height, and wind ve-locity are important because of tree physiological and developmental responses. Generally, wind profiles above the ground or at a canopy surface follow classical logarithm law, but wind profiles in a single tree and in a forest stand are not logarithmic. This paper summarizes the results of wind profile studies within a single tree, in a forest stand, above the forest canopy and in a forest area from recent research in a coastal pine forest. The results demonstrate that: 1) wind profiles with in a single conifer tree crown showed an exponential function with height, 2) wind profiles in forest stands were able to be expressed by attenuation coefficient of wind, 3) wind profiles over a forest canopy could be determined using profile parameters (friction velocity, rough-ness length and displacement), and 4) for a forest area, the extreme wind speed could be predicted reasonably using the methods developed for the design of buildings. More research will be required to demonstrate: 1) relationships between wind profiles and tree or stand characteristics, 2) the simple methods for predicting wind profile parameters, and 3) the applications of wind profile in studies of tree physiology, forest ecology and management, and the detail ecological effects of wind on tree growth.

关键词： Wind Wind profile Trees forest ecology