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Young and old forest in the boreal:critical stages of ecosystem dynamics and management under global change

forest Ecosystems 2018年第4期5卷 361-375页

作者： Timo Kuuluvainen Sylvie Gauthier Department of forest Sciences University of HelsinkiLatokartanonkaan 7 FIN-00014 HelslnklFinland Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest ServiceLaurentian Forestry Center1055 rue du P.E.P.S.C.P 10380succ Sainte-FoyQuebecQuebec GIV 4C7Canada.

The circumboreal forest encompasses diverse landscape structures, dynamics and forest age distributions determined by their physical setting, and historical and current disturbance regimes. However, due to intensifying forest utilisation, and in certain areas due to increasing natural disturbances, boreal forest age-class structures have changed rapidly, so that the proportion of old forest has substantially declined, while that of young post-harvest and post-natural-disturbance forest proportions have increased. In the future, with a warming climate in certain boreal regions, this trend may further be enhanced due to an increase in natural disturbances and large-scale use of forest biomass to replace fossil-based fuels and *** major drivers of change of forest age class distributions and structures include the use of clearcut shortrotation harvesting, more frequent and severe natural disturbances due to climate warming in certain regions. The decline in old forest area, and increase in managed young forest lacking natural post-disturbance structural legacies,represent a major transformation in the ecological conditions of the boreal forest beyond historical limits of *** may introduce a threat to biodiversity, ecosystem resilience and long-term adaptive capacity of the forest *** safeguard boreal forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and to maintain the multiple services provided to societies by this forest biome, it is pivotal to maintain an adequate share and the ecological qualities of young postdisturbance stages, along with mature forest stages with old-growth characteristics. This requires management for natural post-disturbance legacy structures, and innovative use of diverse uneven-aged and continuous cover management approaches to maintain critical late-successional forest structures in landscapes.

关键词： Adaptive capacity Biodiversity Boreal forest Climate change forestry Ecosystem services forest dynamics forest management Resilience

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Assessment of spatial and temporal dynamics of tropical forest cover： A case study in Malkangiri district of Orissa, India

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2011年第1期21卷 176-192页

作者： CHIRANJIBI Pattanaik C. SUDHAKAR Reddy P. MANIKYA Reddy Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History Deccan Regional Station 12-13-588/B Nagarjuna Nagar Colony Tarnaka Hyderabad 500017 Andhra Pradesh India forestry & Ecology Division National Remote Sensing Centre Hyderabad 500625 Andhra Pradesh India Department of Botany Osmania University Hyderabad 500007 Andhra Pradesh India

Tropical forests have been recognized as having global conservation importance. However,they are being rapidly destroyed in many regions of the world. Regular monitoring of forests is necessary for an adaptive management approach and the successful implementation of ecosystem management. The present study analyses the temporal changes in forest ecosystem structure in tribal dominated Malkangiri district of Orissa,India,during 1973-2004 period based on digitized forest cover maps using geographic information system （GIS） and interpretation of satellite data. Three satellite images Landsat MSS （1973）,Landsat TM （1990） and IRS P6 LISS III （2004） were used to determine changes. Six land cover types were delineated which includes dense forest,open forest,scrub land,agriculture,barren land and water body. Different forest types were also demarcated within forest class for better understanding the degradation pattern in each forest types. The results showed that there was a net decrease of 475.7 km2 forest cover （rate of deforestation = 2.34） from 1973 to 1990 and 402.3 km2 （rate of deforestation = 2.27） from 1990 to 2004. forest cover has changed over time depending on a few factors such as large-scale deforestation,shifting cultivation,dam and road construction,unregulated management actions,and social pressure. A significant increase of 1222.8 km2 agriculture area （1973-2004） clearly indicated the conversion of forest cover to agricultural land. These alterations had resulted in significant environmental consequences,including decline in forest cover,soil erosion,and loss of biodiversity. There is an urgent need for rational management of the remaining forest for it to be able to survive beyond next decades. Particular attention must be paid to tropical forests,which are rapidly being deforested.

关键词： deforestation forest dynamics GIS remote sensing tropical forest Malkangiri,Orissa

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Hydrological variability and long-term floristic-structural modifications in different habitats of a tropical semi-deciduous forest

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Journal of forestry Research 2022年第3期33卷 801-811页

作者： Alisson Borges Miranda Santos Vinicius Andrade Maia Cléber Rodrigo de Souza Natália de Aguiar-Campos Aurélio de Jesus Rodrigues Pais Wilder Bento da Silva Nathalle Cristine Alencar Fagundes Jean Daniel Morel Rubens Manoel dos Santos Department of forestry Sciences Federal University of LavrasCampus UniversitárioC.P.3037LavrasBrazil Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Natural Resources Zambeze UniversityChimoioC.P.2400Mozambique Biological Sciences Universidade do Estado de Minas GeraisUnidade ItuiutabaAv.Antônio Carlos 6627Ituiutaba31270-901Brazil Department of Biology Federal University of LavrasUniversity campusC.P.3037Lavras37200-000Brazil

Shifts in hydrological regimes alter river flow rates and flood pulses, decrease environmental heterogeneity and the floristic-structural complexity of associated plant communities. We tested the hypothesis that drought events affect plant community composition and structure at a small-scale within a riparian fragment towards a reduction in floristic-structural complexity. The tree community was sampled in three habitats (wet, transitional and dry) and monitored in seven inventories carried out between 1991 and 2018. Hydrological variations were evaluated through annual rainfalls, river flow rates and water level data. The species richness and the detrended correspondence analysis axes were used to characterise the temporal modifications in floristic composition. Community structure was described in terms of biomass: accumulated, growth of survivors, mortality and recruitment. Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to evaluate the effects of time and environment in community. It was concluded that the climate has become drier in recent years due to declining precipitation that has affected flow rates and water levels. The floristic-structural complexity of the study fragment was maintained during the monitoring period. However, prolonged and extreme drought events displayed the potential to impact floristic-structural patterns.

关键词： forest dynamics Climate changes Semi-deciduous seasonal forest Temporal change Functioning communities

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Gap models across micro-to mega-scales of time and space:examples of Tansley’s ecosystem concept

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forest Ecosystems 2020年第2期7卷 172-189页

作者： H.H.Shugart Adrianna Foster Bin Wang Dan Druckenbrod Jianyong Ma Manuel Lerdau Sassan Saatchi Xi Yang Xiaodong Yan University of Virginia 291 McCormick RdCharlottesvilleVA 22904USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 8800 Greenbelt RdGreenbeltMD 20771USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA Department of Geological Environmentaland Marine SciencesRider University2083 Lawrenceville RdLawrencevilleNJ 08648USA College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhanHubeiChina Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA 91109USA Beijing Normal University Jingshi Keji Building B-811NO.12 Xueyuan South RoadHaidian DistrictBeijing 100875China.

Background:Gap models are individual-based models for *** simulate dynamic multispecies assemblages over multiple tree-generations and predict forest responses to altered environmental *** development emphases designation of the significant biological and ecological processes at appropriate time/space ***,they are with consistent with ***’s original definition of"the ecosystem".Results:An example microscale application inspects feedbacks among terrestrial vegetation change,air-quality changes from the vegetation’s release of volatile organic compounds(VOC),and climate change effects on ecosystem production of VOC’*** models can allocate canopy photosynthate to the individual trees whose leaves form the vertical leaf-area *** release depends strongly on leaf physiology by species of these ***-level VOC emissions increase with *** composition change lowers the abundance of VOC-emitting *** interactions among ecosystem functions and biosphere/atmosphere exchanges,community composition responses can outweigh physiological *** contradicts previous studies that emphasize the warming-induced impacts on leaf *** a mesoscale example,the changes in climate(warming)on forests including pest-insect dynamics demonstrates changes on the both the tree and the insect *** is but one of many cases that involve using a gap model to simulate changes in spatial units typical of sampling plots and scaling these to landscape and regional *** this is the typical application scale for gap models,other examples are *** insect/climatechange can be scaled to regional consequences by simulating survey plots across a continental or subcontinental *** inventories at these scales are often conducted using independent survey plots distributed across a *** construction that mimics this sample design avoids the difficulties in modelling spatial inte

关键词： Pollution Climate change Global forest productivity Individual-based models Ecological scale forest dynamics

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Dead standing pine trees in a boreal forest landscape in the Kalevala National Park,northern Fennoscandia: amount,population characteristics and spatial pattern

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forest Ecosystems 2017年第3期4卷 221-231页

作者： Timo Kuuluvainen Tuomas Aakala Gergely Várkonyi Department of forest Sciences University of Helsinki Finnish Environment Institute Natural Environment CentreFriendship Park Research Centre

Background： After their death, Scots pine trees can remain standing for decades and sometimes up to 200 years,forming long-lasting and ecologically important structures in boreal forest landscapes. Standing dead pines decay very slowly and with time develop into ‘kelo＇ trees, which are characterized by hard wood with silvery-colored appearance. These kelo trees represent an ecologically important, long lasting and visually striking element of the structure of natural pine-dominated forests in boreal Fennoscandia that is nowadays virtually absent from managed forest ***： We examined and mapped the amount, structural features, site characteristics and spatial distribution of dead standing pine trees over a ten hectare area in an unmanaged boreal forest landscape in the Kalevala National Park in Russian Viena ***： The mean basal area of dead standing pine trees in the forested part of the landscape was 1.7 m^2·ha^-1 and the estimated volume 12.7 m^3·ha^-1. From the total number of standing dead pine trees 65% were kelo trees, with a basal area of 1.1 m^2·ha^-1 and volume of 8.0 m^3·ha^-1, the remainder consisting of standing dead pines along the continuum between a recently dead tree and a kelo tree. Overall, standing dead pines were distributed throughout the study area, but there was a tendency towards spatial clustering up to 〈100 m distances. Standing dead pines were most commonly situated on flat ground or in the mid slope in the local *** addition, standing dead pines contributed to substrate diversity also by commonly having charred wood and broken tops. Based on the presence of dead pine snags in different stage of transition from a recently dead pine to a kelo with silvery surface, it seems evident that the process of kelo recruitment was continuously in action in the studied ***： Kelo trees are an omnipresent feature in natural pine-dominated forest landscapes with important contribution to forest structu

关键词： Boreal forest Coarse Woody debris Dead trees forest dynamics Kelo Pinus sylvestris Snag Tree mortality

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Ecosystem management in paludified boreal forests:enhancing wood production,biodiversity,and carbon sequestration at the landscape level

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forest Ecosystems 2018年第4期5卷 376-389页

作者： Benoit Lafleur Nicole J.Fenton Martin Simard Alain Leduc David Paré Osvaldo Valeria Yves Bergeron NSERC-UQAT-UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable forest Management and Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue445boul.de I'UniversiteRouyn-NorandaQC J9X 5E4Canada Department of Geography Laval UniversityQuebecQC GIV 0A6Canada Centre d'etude de la foret Universite du Quebec a Montreal141 Avenue du President-KennedyMontrealQC H2X IY4Canada Ressources Naturelles Canada Service canadien des forets Centre de foresterie des Laurentides1055du P.E P S.P.O.13ox 3800QuebecQC GIV 4C7Canada

Canada’s boreal forest represents an important contributor of the world’s wood supply industry. However,maintaining or increasing productivity of the boreal forest may be challenging in areas dominated by forested peatlands. Moreover, sustainable management of these forests must also consider other important aspects of the forest ecosystem such as biodiversity and carbon sequestration. To address these concerns, ecosystem-based management has been implemented in some Canadian jurisdictions, such as in regions where a large portion of the boreal forest is dominated by forested peatlands. The objectives of this paper are(1) to summarize our current understanding of how natural disturbances influence stand dynamics and biodiversity in forested peatlands, and(2) to review the main differences between natural and managed forest stands with respect to soil properties, stand productivity, understory plant communities. We also discuss how even-age management regime succeeds or fails to preserve old forests and how this loss affects both forest structure and habitat diversity at the landscape *** conclude by showing how, in boreal forested peatlands, forest management could contribute to carbon sequestration and mitigate projected climate change.

关键词： Clearcutting Fire forest dynamics Partial cutting Soil properties Stand productivity Understory plant

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Tree diversity effects on forest productivity increase through time because of spatial partitioning

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forest Ecosystems 2020年第3期7卷 327-333页

作者： Shinichi Tatsumi Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada Hokkaido Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteHokkaidoJapan

Background: Experimental manipulations of tree diversity have often found overyielding in mixed-species plantations. While most experiments are still in the early stages of stand development, the impacts of tree diversity are expected to accumulate over time. Here, I present findings from a 31-year-old tree diversity experiment(as of2018) in ***: I find that the net diversity effect on stand biomass increased linearly through time. The species mixture achieved 64% greater biomass than the average monoculture biomass 31 years after planting. The complementarity effect was positive and increased exponentially with time. The selection effect was negative and decreased exponentially with time. In the early stages(≤ 3 years), the positive complementarity effect was explained by enhanced growths of early-and mid-successional species in the mixture. Later on(≥ 15 years), it was explained by their increased survival rates owing to vertical spatial partitioning — i.e. alleviation of self-thinning via canopy stratification. The negative selection effect resulted from suppressed growths of late-successional species in the bottom ***: The experiment provides pioneering evidence that the positive impacts of diversity-driven spatial partitioning on forest biomass can accumulate over multiple decades. The results indicate that forest biomass production and carbon sequestration can be enhanced by multispecies afforestation strategies.

关键词： Biomass productivity Complementarity effect Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning forest dynamics Mixed plantation Plant succession Selection effect Shade tolerance Stand structure Tree diversity experiment

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Mangrove forests as a nature-based solution for coastal flood protection:Biophysical and ecological considerations

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Water Science and Engineering 2023年第1期16卷 1-13页

作者： Rosanna van Hespen Zhan Hu Bas Borsje Michela De Dominicis Daniel AFriess Svetlana Jevrejeva Maarten GKleinhans Maria Maza Celine EJvan Bijsterveldt Tom Van der Stocken Bregje van Wesenbeeck Danghan Xie Tjeerd JBouma NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Department of Estuarine and Delta SystemsP.O.Box 1404400 AC Yersekethe Netherlands Faculty of Geosciences Department of Physical GeographyUtrecht UniversityP.O.Box 80.1153508 TC Utrechtthe Netherlands School of Marine Science Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai Campus2 University RoadZhuhai 519000China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangzhou 510275China Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station Ministry of EducationZhuhai 519082China Water Engineering&Management University of TwenteP.O.Box 2177500 AE Enschedethe Netherlands National Oceanography Centre Joseph Proudman Building6 Brownlow StreetLiverpool L35DAUK Department of Geography National University of Singapore1 Arts LinkSingapore 117570Singapore Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions National University of Singapore16 Science Drive 4Singapore 117558Singapore Instituto de Hidraulica Ambiental de La Universidad de Cantabria(IHCantabria) Isabel Torres 1539011 SantanderSpain Wetlands International P.O.Box 4716700 AL Wageningenthe Netherlands Ecology and Biodiversity Group Department of BiologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2B-1050 BrusselsBelgium Earth Science Section Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of Technology4800 Oak Grove DrivePasadenaCA 91109USA Unit for Marine and Coastal Systems Deltares2600 MH Delftthe Netherlands Department of Hydraulic Engineering Delft University of Technology2600 GA Delftthe Netherlands

Nature-based coastal protection is increasingly recognised as a potentially sustainable and cost-effective solution to reduce coastal flood *** uses coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests to create resilient designs for coastal flood ***,to use mangroves effectively as a nature-based measure for flood risk reduction,we must understand the biophysical processes that govern risk reduction capacity through mangrove ecosystem size and *** this perspective,we evaluate the current state of knowledge on local physical drivers and ecological processes that determine mangrove functioning as part of a nature-based flood *** show that the forest properties that comprise coastal flood protection are well-known,but models cannot yet pinpoint how spatial heterogeneity of the forest structure affects the capacity for wave or surge ***,there is relatively good understanding of the ecological processes that drive forest structure and size,but there is a lack of knowledge on how daily bed-level dynamics link to long-term biogeomorphic forest dynamics,and on the role of combined stressors influencing forest *** simulation models of forest structure under changing physical(*** to sea-level change)and ecological drivers with hydrodynamic attenuation models will allow for better projections of long-term natural coastal protection.

关键词： forest dynamics Seedling establishment Hydrodynamic energy attenuation Bed-level dynamics forest structure Mangrove tree mortality

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Regeneration patterns in Mexican pine-oak forests

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forest Ecosystems 2019年第4期6卷 384-395页

作者： Teresa Alfaro Reyna Jordi Martínez-Vilalta Javier Retana CREAF E-08193 Cerdanyola del VallèsBarcelonaSpain Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona E-08193 Cerdanyola del VallèsBarcelonaSpain

Background: Global change is causing an increase in the incidence of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on forests, which frequently interact synergistically and promote changes in forest structure, composition and functioning. In this study we evaluate the regeneration of Pinaceae and Fagaceae species in pure and mixed stands in Mexico to determine if current regeneration patterns are indicative of changes in the relative dominance of these two tree families, as observed in other temperate regions. We also identify the environmental factors that determine the regeneration patterns of Pinaceae and Fagaceae species in these ***: We use data from two consecutive surveys of the National Inventory of forests and Soils of Mexico(INFyS),obtained in 2004–2009 and 2009–2014. Our results show that the spatial patterns of regeneration are affected by forest structure, by climate, by the type and intensity of disturbances and by land tenure. Importantly, the presence and abundance of Fagaceae regeneration is generally higher than that of Pinaceae, and tends to be favoured(relative to Pinaceae) under warmer climates and by the presence of ***: The higher regeneration of Fagaceae relative to Pinaceae under warmer and fire-prone conditions could have important impacts on the composition and functioning of Mexican temperate forests under ongoing climate change, as well as affect their resilience to future disturbances.

关键词： Fagaceae forest dynamics forest inventory Mexico Pinaceae Regeneration Temperate forests

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No treeline shift despite climate change over the last 70 years

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forest Ecosystems 2022年第1期9卷 13-22页

作者： Mirela Beloiu Dimitris Poursanidis Antonis Tsakirakis Nektarios Chrysoulakis Samuel Hoffmann Petros Lymberakis Antonis Barnias David Kienle Carl Beierkuhnlein Department of Biogeography University of BayreuthUniversitatsstraaße 3095447BayreuthGermany Remote Sensing Lab Institute of Applied and Computational MathematicsFoundation for Research and Technology Hellas100 N.Plastira Str.Vassilika VoutonHeraklion70013Greece Samaria National Park Management BodyOld National Road Chanion-KissamouAgioi ApostoloiChaniaCreteGreece Natural History Museum of Crete University of CreteKnossou Av.71409IrakleioCreteGreece GIB Department of Geography University of Bayreuth95447BayreuthGermany BayCEER Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research University of Bayreuth95448BayreuthGermany

Background:The recent rise in temperature and shifting precipitation regimes threaten ecosystems around the globe to different *** are expected to respond to climate warming by shifting to higher elevations,but it is unclear whether they can track temperature ***,we integrated high-resolution aerial imagery with local climatic and topographic characteristics to study the treeline dynamic from 1945 to 2015 on the semiarid Mediterranean island of Crete,***:During the study period,the mean annual temperature at the treeline increased by 0.81℃,while the average precipitation decreased by 170 *** treeline is characterized by a diffuse form,with trees growing on steep limestone slopes(>50°)and shallow ***,the treeline elevation decreases with increasing distance from the coast and with aspect(south>north).Yet,we found no shift in the treeline over the past 70 years,despite an increase in temperature in all four study ***,the treeline elevation correlated strongly with topographic exposure to wind(R^(2)=0.74,p<0.001).Therefore,the temporal lag in treeline response to warming could be explained by a combination of topographic and microclimatic factors,such as the absence of a shelter effect and a decrease in ***:Although there was no treeline shift over the last 70 years,climate change has already started shifting the treeline altitudinal ***,the lack of climate-mediated migration at the treeline should raise concerns about the threats posed by warming,such as drought damages,and wildfire,especially in the Mediterranean ***,conservation management should discuss options and needs to support adaptive management.

关键词： Aerial imagery Protected area Continental island Mediterranean region High mountains Temperature Precipitation Climate change forest dynamics

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