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Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第3期49卷 311-321页

作者： ZHOU Guoyi1, ZHOU Cunyu1, LIU Shuguang2, TANG Xuli1, OUYANG Xuejun1, ZHANG Deqiang1, LIU Shizhong1, LIU Juxiu1, YAN Junhua1, ZHOU Chuanyan1, LUO Yan1, GUAN Lili1 & LIU Yan1 1. Dinghushan forest Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China 2. SAIC, EROS Data Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA Dinghushan forest Ecosystem Research Station Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China SAIC EROS Data Center U.S. Geological Survey Sioux Falls USA

The balance, accumulation rate and temporal dynamics of belowground carbon in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest are obtained in this paper, based on long-term observations to the soil organic matter, input and standing biomass of litter and coarse woody debris, and dissolved organic carbon carried in the hydrological process of subtropical climax forest ecosystem—monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, and its two successional forests of natural restoration—coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and Pinus massoniana forest, as well as data of root biomass obtained once every five years and respiration measurement of soil, litter and coarse woody debris respiration for 1 year. The major results include: the belowground carbon pools of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and Pinus massoniana forest are 23191 ± 2538 g·m?2, 16889 ± 1936 g·m?2 and 12680 ± 1854 g·m?2, respec- tively, in 2002. Mean annual carbon accumulation rates of the three forest types during the 24a from 1978 to 2002 are 383 ± 97 g·m?2·a?1, 193 ± 85 g·m?2·a?1 and 213 ± 86 g·m?2·a?1, respectively. The belowground carbon pools in the three forest types keep increasing during the observation period, suggesting that belowground carbon pools are carbon sinks to the atmosphere. There are seasonal variations, namely, they are strong carbon sources from April to June, weak carbon sources from July to September; while they are strong carbon sinks from October to November, weak carbon sinks from December to March.

关键词： monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, successional series of restoration, belowground, carbon pool, accumulation rate.

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forest visualization at multiple scales for management and planning

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2006年第z1期49卷 27-34页

作者： David J.Mladenoff Department of forest Ecology and Management

In this study forests were visualized at various scales by placing individual trees into a forest with realistic sizes and densities. Tree images were used from two sources: high quality field photos and images created using graphic design software. The terrain, species composition, and tree sizes and density from forest inventory were all represented in GIS data format. In addition, non-tree objects and features that are essential for close-to-reality visualization were combined with the tree images in a 3-D visualization software package. We further portrayed stand level effects by animating a simulated fly-through of a forest. To visualize temporal change, a case study of four different forest patches was animated. The advantages of this approach comparing to other visualization approaches are: (1) it represents the forests with realistic individual tree images; and (2) it maintains both visual and informational realism in a forest viewable from within-stand to landscape scales. Thus, this approach is realistic in two aspects. First, it is almost as realistic as a photograph, and secondly, its information content is actual forest composition, density, and height.

关键词： 3-D, visualization, forest, landscape, multiple scales.

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The role of aerial algae in the formation of the landscape of the Yunnan Stone forest,Yunnan Province, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第9期47卷 846-864页

作者： TIAN Youping1,3, ZHANG Jie2, SONG Linhua1 & BAO Haosheng2 1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2. Department of Geography, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 3. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China Department of Geography Nanjing University Nanjing China

Aerial algae on the surface of carbonate rocks at the Stone forest, Shilin County, Yunnan Province, China, and their bioerosion were investigated in the field and studied in the laboratory in detail. Through the observation, identification and statistics of more than one hun- dred algal samples and rock samples with the optical microscopes (stereomicroscope, biological microscope) and the scanning electronic microscope (SEM), the relationships between erosional forms on the surface of the Stone forest and algae and/or algal communities and the genetic mechanism for the formation of erosional forms were analyzed. It is suggested that aerial algae play an active role in bioerosive processes that may affect the formation of karst erosional forms. These effects include both direct and indirect ones. The direct effect is the initiative control (algal shape-controlling role) of algae on the formation of karst forms of various scales, mostly mi- cro-scale (forest karst landforms.

关键词： aerial algae, bioerosion, the Stone forest, Yunnan Province, China.

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Modeling diameter distribution of the broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest on Changbai Mountains of China

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2006年第z1期49卷 177-188页

作者： WANG Shunzhong, DAI Limin, LIU Guohua, YUAN Jianqiong, ZHANG Hengmin & WANG Qingli Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China State Key Lab of Systems Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest is a native vegetation in the Changbai Mountains, northeast China. The probability density functions including the normal, negative exponential, Weibull and finite mixture distribution, were used to describe the diameter distributions of the species groups and entire forest stand. There is a strong correlation between parameters and mean DBH except the shape parameters in the mixture distribution. The diameter classes of species and entire forest stand showed not negative exponential but normal and "S" distribution. The mixture function was better than normal and Weibull to describe the model distribution. The location parameter had an effect on the estimated frequency in the first diameter class, when the estimated location parameter was bigger than the lower limit of the first diameter class.

关键词： broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest, diameter distribution, finite mixture distribution.

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Experimental study on N_2O and CH_4 fluxes from the dark coniferous forest zone soil of the Gongga Mountain, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2003年第3期46卷 285-295页

作者：董云社齐玉春罗辑梁涛雒昆利章申 Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

The static closed chamber technique is used in the study on the CH4 and N2O fluxes from the soils of primeval Abies fabri forest, the succession Abies fabri forest and the clear-cut areas of mid-aged Abies fabri forest in the Gongga Mountain from May 1998 to September 1999. The results indicate the following: (i) The forest soil serves as the source of atmospheric N2O at the three measurement sites, while the fluxes of CH4 are all negative, and soil is the sink of atmospheric CH4. The comparative relations of N2O emissions between the three sites are expressed as primeval Abies fabri forest > clear-cut areas > succession Abies fabri forest, and those of CH4 consumption fluxes are primeval Abies fabri forest > succession Abies fabri forest > clear-cut areas. (ii) Signifi-cant seasonal variations of N2O emission at various sites were observed, and two emission peaks of N2O occurr during summer (July—August) and spring (February—March), whereas N2O emission is relatively low in winter and spring (mid March—April). Seasonal variations of CH4 consumption at each measurement site fluctuate drastically with unclear regularities. Generally, CH4 consumption fluxes of succession Abies fabri forest and clear-cut areas are higher from mid May to late July but lower in the rest of sampling time, while the CH4 flux keeps a relatively high value even up to Sep-tember in primeval Abies fabri forest. In contrast to primeval Abies fabri forest, the CH4 absorbabili-ties of succession Abies fabri forest and clear-cut areas of mid-aged Abies fabri forest are weaker. Particularly, the absorbability of the clear-cut areas is even weaker as compared with the other two sites, for the deforestation reduces the soil absorbability of atmospheric CH4. (iii) Evident diurnal variation regularity exists in the N2O emissions of primeval Abies fabri forest, and there is a statistic positive correlation between the fluxes of N2O and air temperature (R=0.95, n=11, <0.01), and also the soil temperature

关键词： Gongga Mountain, mountain dark coniferous forest, soil, CH4, N2O, flux.

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Soil respiration in tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第Z1期48卷 189-197页

作者： SHA Liqing, ZHENG Zheng, TANG Jianwei, WANG Yinghong, ZHANG Yiping, CAO Min, WANG Rui, LIU Guangren, WANG Yuesi & SUN Yang Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

With the static opaque chamber and gas chromatography technique, from January 2003 to January 2004 soil respiration was investigated in a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China. In this study three treatments were applied, each with three replicates: A (bare soil), B (soil+litter), and C (soil+litter+seedling). The results showed that soil respiration varied seasonally, low from December 2003 to February 2004, and high from June to July 2004. The annual average values of CO2 efflux from soil respiration differed among the treatments at 1 % level, with the rank of C (14642 mgCO2 · m-2 · h-1)>B (12807 mgCO2 · m-2 · h-1)> A (9532 mgCO2·m-2 · h-1). Diurnal variation in soil respiration was not apparent due to little diurnal temperate change in Xishuangbanna. There was a parabola relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture at 1% level. Soil respiration rates were higher when soil moisture ranged from 35% to 45%. There was an exponential relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature (at a depth of 5cm in mineral soil) at 1% level. The calculated Q10 values in this study, ranging from 2.03 to 2.36, were very near to those of tropical soil reported. The CO2 efflux in 2003 was 5.34 kgCO2 · m-2 · a-1 from soil plus litter plus seedling, of them 3.48 kgCO2 · m-2 · a-1 from soil (accounting for 62.5%), 1.19 kgCO2 · m-2 · a-1 from litter (22.3%) and 0.67 kgCO2 · m-2 · a-1 from seedling (12.5%).

关键词： seasonal rain forest, soil respiration, CO2 efflux, Q10, Xishuangbanna.

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Digital forestry research in China

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2006年第z1期49卷 1-8页

作者： TANG Shouzheng, TANG Una, Guofan Shao & DAI Limin Research Institute of Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of forestry, Beijing 100091, China Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Departmet of forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Research Institute of Resource Information Techniques Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing 100091 China

Digital forestry as a concept was developed after the Digital Earth program. The Chinese scientists were not only among the pioneers who first proposed the concept of Digital forestry, but also contributed a lot to the development of Digital forestry. Digital forestry is a digital framework to maintain forest planting, management, using, and protect. The synergetic use of computationally-intensive quantitative methods together with information technologies is the most important foundation for the development of Digital forestry. Under this situation, the experience of Digital forestry development in China is relatively rich. A number of academicians, scholars, and professional administrators were involved in discussing the Digital forestry Construction Scheme. The Project of Digital forestry Practicability approved by the State forestry Administration is a major instance in developing Digital forestry standard and key techniques. By introducing a case study of Digital forestry, this paper reviews the concept of Digital forestry, the way turning traditional forestry into Digital forestry, and the future development of Digital forestry.

关键词： Digital forest, Digital Earth, Digital forestry standard, Digital forestry techniques.

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On island landscape pattern of forests in Helan Mountain and its cause of formation

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2006年第z1期49卷 45-53页

作者： DENG Hongbing WANG Yingming ZHANG Qiaoxian YAN Yan State Key Lab of Systems Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China State Key Lab of Systems Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China State Key Lab of Systems Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China State Key Lab of Systems Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China

Based on the spatial information techniques such as RS, GIS, and GPS, the forest landscape patterns in the Helan Mountain, western China, were studied. The Landsat 5 TM data were used to classify the forest landscapes through RS digital cartography, and then, the landscape characteristics and landscape pattern were analyzed quantificationally. Furthermore, through spatial data collection and spatial analysis of the main disturbances in this area, the cause of landscape formation was studied. The results showed that the total 1177 forest landscape patches could be classified into 21 landscape types, and the forest landscape in the Helan Mountain was island pattern, which was encircled by deserta as matrix. The values of landscape diversity index and landscape fragmentation index were 2.61 and 0.43, respectively. In this area, the landscape pattern was clearly formed and continuously changed in response to geological processes, climate, activities of organisms, forest fire, desertification, human activities and so on. This landscape pattern had an obviously negative effect on the stability and ecosystem services of forests. So, scientific landscape planning and protection should be adopted to improve the sustainability of forest management in this area.

关键词： landscape pattern, island landscape of forest, disturbance, Helan Mountain.

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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIP OF LARCH STAND MIXED WITH ASH

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Journal of Northeast forestry University 1995年第3期6卷 71-73页

作者：李茹秀 Northeast forestry University

Permanent sample plots were set up for researching interspecific relationship of the artificia1 larch stand mixed with natural ash in the slash site in Maoershan Experiment forestry Farm of Northeast forestry University. All trees in the plots were taken as objective trees and tree number,DBH, distance between trees and that of crown diameter were measured in range of 1-6m from every objective tree. Then study by Alemdag competition index, variance analysis and quantitation method were made. The result showed that the intraspecific competition was more intensive than the interspecific competition. Especially the competition between larch and ash was least relatively. For these kinds of site, the suitable mixture at 20-30 ages should be 2800 Ind/hm2 in density and 2 larch;1 ash in mixed ratio, which might improve site condition to promote stand produetivity.

关键词： Dahurian larch Fraxinus mandshurica Mixed forest, interspecific competition

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