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Demand Flexibility of Residential Buildings:Definitions,flexible loads,and Quantification Methods

Engineering 2022年第9期16卷 123-140页

作者： Zhengyi Luo Jinqing Peng Jingyu Cao Rongxin Yin Bin Zou Yutong Tan Jinyue Yan College of Civil Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410006China Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency of the Ministry of Education Changsha 410006China School of Business Society&EngineeringMälardalen UniversityVasteras 999027Sweden

This paper reviews recent research on the demand flexibility of residential buildings in regard to definitions,flexible loads,and quantification methods.A systematic distinction of the terminology is made,including the demand flexibility,operation flexibility,and energy flexibility of buildings.A comprehensive definition of building demand flexibility is proposed based on an analysis of the existing ***,the flexibility capabilities and operation characteristics of the main residential flexible loads are summarized and *** and evaluation indicators to quantify the flexibility of these flexible loads are reviewed and *** research gaps and challenges are identified and analyzed as *** results indicate that previous studies have focused on the flexibility of central air conditioning,electric water heaters,wet appliances,refrigerators,and lighting,where the proportion of studies focusing on each of these subjects is 36.7%,25.7%,14.7%,9.2%,and 8.3%,*** flexible loads are different in running modes,usage frequencies,seasons,and capabilities for shedding,shifting,and modulation,while their response characteristics are not yet ***,recommendations are given for the application of white-,black-,and grey-box models for modeling flexible loads in different *** static flexibility evaluation indicators that are based on the aspects of power,temporality,energy,efficiency,economics,and the environment have been proposed in previous publications,but a consensus and standardized evaluation framework is *** review can help readers better understand building demand flexibility and learn about the characteristics of different residential flexible loads,while also providing suggestions for future research on the modeling techniques and evaluation metrics of residential building demand flexibility.

关键词： Residential building Demand flexibility flexible loads Modeling techniques Quantification indicators

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Optimal dispatching strategy for residential demand response considering load participation

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Global Energy Interconnection 2024年第1期7卷 38-47页

作者： Xiaoyu Zhou Xiaofeng Liu Huai Liu Zhenya Ji Feng Li School of Electrical and Automation Engineering Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023P.R.China

To facilitate the coordinated and large-scale participation of residential flexible loads in demand response(DR),a load aggregator(LA)can integrate these loads for *** this study,a residential DR optimization scheduling strategy was formulated considering the participation of flexible loads in ***,based on the operational characteristics of flexible loads such as electric vehicles,air conditioners,and dishwashers,their DR participation,the base to calculate the compensation price to users,was determined by considering these loads as virtual energy *** was quantified based on the state of virtual energy storage during each time ***,flexible loads were clustered using the K-means algorithm,considering the typical operational and behavioral characteristics as the cluster ***,the LA scheduling strategy was implemented by introducing a DR mechanism based on the directrix *** simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DR approach can effectively reduce peak loads and fill valleys,thereby improving the load management performance.

关键词： Residential demand response flexible loads Load participation Load aggregator

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Possible role of power-to-heat and power-to-gas as flexibleloads in German medium voltage networks

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Frontiers in Energy 2017年第2期11卷 135-145页

作者： Mark KUPRAT Martin BENDIG Klaus PFEIFFER Forschungszentrum 3E LS EVH Siemens-Halske-Ring 13 03046Cottbus Germany

Germany’s energy transition triggered a rapid and unilateral growth of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity sector. With increasing shares of intermittent RES, overcapacities during periods of strong wind and photovoltaic electricity generation occur. In the face of insufficient transmission capacities, due to an inhibited network extension, the electricity generation has to be curtailed. This curtailment of RES leads to economic losses and could be avoided through flexible loads. As an option to cope with those problems, the technologies of power-to-gas (PtG) and power-to-heat (PtH) are presented in this paper. First, the alkaline electrolyzer (AEL), polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL), and solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) are investigated regarding their operational parameters. Second, the electric boiler, electrode heating boiler, and heat pumps are considered. Ultimately, the network-supporting abilities and the potential to provide ancillary services, such as control power, load sequence operation, cold start and part load capability, are compared among one another.

关键词： power-to-gas power-to-heat flexible loads ancillary services coherent energy systems

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