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The Choice to Go Organic: Evidence from Small US farms

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Agricultural Sciences 2019年第12期10卷 1566-1580页

作者： Xuanli Liu Nalini Pattanaik Mack Nelson Mohammed Ibrahim Agricultural Research Station Fort Valley State University Fort Valley USA Department of Business and Economics Fort Valley State University Fort Valley USA

This research examined small farmers’ operational choice in converting to organic farming in the Southern region of the United States. A logistic model fitted to survey data from responses of 456 produce growers found the key determinants of the conversion choices of farmers and offered quantitative impacts of the major influential factors retained in the fitted model. Among them, barriers to the conversion were linked to farmer’s age, risk aversion, years of farming, and the lack of education as well as low yield of organic farming;nevertheless, the model also revealed the existence of stimuli reflecting on access to farmers markets, peer exemplars, and operational scale. The confluence of variables retained partially explained a slow but steady conversion to organic farming in the United States. Besides the broad implication for policy making in the agricultural sector, this study found that organic farming was closely tied to small farms and organic farming could be a back road to the future of small US farms.

关键词： Organics Barriers Produce Organic Farming Small farms

Sustainable Mangement of Drainage Water of Fish farms in Agriculture as a New Source for Irrigation and Bio-Source for Fertilizing

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Agricultural Sciences 2014年第8期5卷 730-742页

作者： Abdelraouf Ramadan Eid Essam Mohamed Hoballah Sahar E. A. Mosa Agricultural Microbiology Department National Research Centre Cairo Egypt Bio-Engineering Department Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI) Agricultural Research Center (ARC) Ministry of Agriculture Giza Egypt Water Relations & Field Irrigation Department National Research Centre Cairo Egypt

Two field experiments were carried out during growing seasons 2011 and 2012. It was executed in research farm of National Research Center in Nubaryia region, Egypt to study the effect of irrigation systems, fertigation rates by using the wastewater of fish farms “WWFF” in irrigation of potato. Study factors were irrigation systems (sprinkler irrigation system “SIS” and trickle irrigation system “TIS”), water quality (traditional irrigation water “TIW” and WWFF) and fertigation rates “FR” (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% NPK). The following parameters were studied to evaluate the effect of study factors: 1) Calculating the total amount of WWFF per season;2) Chemical and biological description of WWFF;3) Clogging ratio of emitters;4) Yield of potato;5) Irrigation water use efficiency of potato “IWUEpotato”. Statistical analysis indicated that, maximum values were obtained of yield under SIS × FR100% NPK × WWFF, also, there were no significant differences for yield values under the following conditions: SIS × FR100% NPK × WWFF > SIS × FR80% NPK × WWFF > SIS × FR60% NPK × WWFF > TIS × FR100% NPK × TIW. This means that, using WWFF in the irrigation can save at least 40% from mineral fertilizers and 100% from irrigation water under sprinkler irrigation system.

关键词： Wastewater of Fish farms Potato Arid Regions Fertigation Rates Irrigation Systems

Major Causes of Calf Morbidity and Mortality in Smallholder Dairy farms in Shashemene Town,Ethiopia

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NASS Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2021年第2期3卷 51-57页

作者： Abdela Edao Abdurahman Meribo Oromia Agricultural Research Institute Adam Tulu Agricultural Research CenterBatuEthiopia Shashemane Livestock and Fishery resources development Bureau Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the major causes of calf morbidity and mortality in smallholder dairy farms and associated potential risk factors in Shashemene.A total of 187 calves from 46 farms were included in the present *** overall crude morbidity and crude mortality rates were 27.8%and 6.4%,*** most frequent by pneumonia 8(4.3%),Gastrointestinal tract(GIT)disorder 8(4.3%)and septicemia 5(2.7%).In addition skin lesion,navel ill and unidentified cases were *** main causes of death were diarrhea 6(3.2%),Septicemia 2(1.1%),GIT disorder 2(1.1%),pneumonia 1(0.5%)and others 1(0.5%).The most important risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality were housing hygiene,floor condition and calf size in *** of 187 calves examined for GIT parasites;63(33.3%)were positive for nematode *** of helminthes parasite increased with increasing age,showing higher prevalence(Pfarms,age and breed were identified major role ***,identifying major causes and improving management practices and breed should be given to emphasis by advisory of smallholder dairy farms.

关键词： Morbidity Mortality Smallholder Dairy farms Shashemene

Acoustic Impact Studies (AIS) of Wind farms in Uruguay: A Methodology Proposal

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2017年第10期8卷 1178-1193页

作者： Alice Elizabeth González Nicolás Rezzano Tizze Pablo Gianoli Kovar Martín Paz Urban Marcos Raúl Lisboa Department of Environmental Engineering IMFIA-Faculty of Engineering Universidad de la República Montevideo Uruguay

The fast growing development of wind power in Uruguay has encouraged research on many issues regarding environmental acoustics, especially those related to wind turbines operation. As every new power generation device of 10 MW or larger has to have an environmental license approval before building it, a methodology for Acoustic Impact Studies (AIS) was needed. This paper presents a methodology proposal to carry out AIS, taking into account the peculiarities of the Uruguayan status. Determining the area where the studies should be done, demands for the base line of sound pressure levels, predicting sound pressure levels during the operation of future wind farm and main lines for the environmental management plan are included in this proposal. Uruguayan current national guidelines to noise pollution levels are also presented.

关键词： Acoustic Impact Study Acoustic Impact Assessment Wind farms Wind Turbine Environmental Impact Assessment

Characteristics of Lactation Curves of the Kenya Alpine Dairy Goats in Smallholder farms

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2014年第2期4卷 92-102页

作者： Andrew Gitahi Marete Reuben Oyoo Mosi Joshua Oluoch Amimo Joseph Owino Jung’a Department of Animal Production University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya School of Agriculture Food Security and Biodiversity Bondo University College Bondo Kenya

Lactation curves are a graphical representation of the milk production profile of a doe from parturition to drying up. Their shape provides information about the productivity of the doe and offers a means of explaining features of the milk production patterns of each animal. A total of 2732 daily morning milk records from 610 does of the Kenyan Alpine dairy goats’ genetic groups (50% Alpine, 75% Alpine, 87.5% Alpine and > 87.5% Alpine) and local goats (0% Alpine) kept in small-holder farms were used to evaluate factors affecting milk yield and to examine the characteristics of their lactation curve. A nonlinear mixed model was used to fit the lactation curves to all does simultaneously. The Wood’s (1967) equation was fitted within each genetic group and parity to generate genetic group and parity lactation curves. The mean lactation period was 218 ± 46 days and the model accounted for 88% of the total variation. Significant differences (P 87.5% Alpine genetic groups respectively. Genetic group did not significantly affect rate of increase to peak yield (P > 0.05) and rate of decline from peak (P > 0.05) or persistency (P > 0.05). Parity significantly affected rate of increase to peak, rate of decrease from peak and persistency (P < 0.01). The month of kidding significantly affected the rate of increase to peak (P < 0.05) and persistency, but not rate of decrease from peak. The synchronization of breeding with season has a practical implication for the maximization of lactation yield when considered in combination with other biological and economic constraints. The superior production of the pedigree animals supports the development of composite breed types in Kenya to take advantage of the fitness of indigenous breeds, the productivity of imported dairy breeds, heterosis, and the potential for selection within the composite to improve productivity in later generations.

关键词： Kenya Alpine Dairy Goat Lactation Curve Smallholder farms

Impact of Wind farms of DFIG Type on Power System Transient Stability

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2010年第8期2卷 475-481页

作者： Libao Shi Shiqiang Dai Liangzhong Yao Yixin Ni Masoud Bazargan National Key Laboratory of Power System in Shenzhen Graduate school at Shenzhen Tsinghua University AREVA T&D Technology Centre

The impact of large-scale grid-connected wind farms of Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) type on power system transient stability is elaborately discussed in this paper. In accordance with an equivalent generator/converter model, the comprehensive numerical simulations with multiple wind farms of DFIG type involved are carried out to reveal the impact of wind farm on dynamic behavior of existing interconnected power system. Different load models involving nonlinear load model and induction motor model are considered during simulations. Finally, some preliminary conclusions are summarized and discussed.

关键词： Transient Stability DFIG Multiple Wind farms Wind Farm Integration Load Model

Evaluation of Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Kales, Soils and Water Collected from Irrigated farms along River Moiben, Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第2期8卷 144-155页

作者： Teresa Akenga Kiplagat Ayabei Emmy Kerich Vincent Sudoi Cyrus Kuya Office of the Vice Chancellor University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Department of Chemistry University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya Directorate of Research and Innovation University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

There has been a rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization as well as increased usage of agrochemicals in the recent few years which have resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in cultivated food, soils and water. This research aimed at establishing the levels of Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ and Pb2+ metal ions in kales, soil and irrigation water on farms along river Moiben. Twenty seven samples of vegetables, soil and water samples were collected using purposive sampling method, that is, the samples were collected from the households who had kales in their farms. Samples were then dried, grounded, digested and analyzed using Inductive Couple Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed that the Fe had the highest mean in soil and water with the values of 250.22 ± 85.37 and 0.72 ± 0.33 mg/kg respectively, while in kales Zn value was highest with a value of 0.0154 ± 0.007 mg/kg. The metal ion concentrations in the soils and the irrigation water were higher than in kales. The concentrations on the metal ions were following this order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd for soil as well as for water but for the kales sample it followed slightly different order Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. In soil samples, metal ions concentrations (mg/kg) were found to be high compared to the levels in water and kales. ANOVA tests revealed that the mean difference in heavy metals concentration from different stations within the area was insignificant (p > 0.05) with an exception of Cd (p = 0.001) in water samples, Fe (p = 0.007) in kales samples, Zn (p = 0.016) and Cd (p = 0.011) in the samples of soil. Results were compared to the acceptable levels set by World Health Organization (WHO) and the study showed that for kales, concentrations of the metal ions were all lower than the (WHO) set standards. For water samples, Fe, Pb, Mn metal ions were above the WHO set standards. The presence of the investigated heavy metals in the samples could be

关键词： Heavy Metals Kales Soils and Water Irrigated farms

Effects of China's Corn Stockpiling System Reform on Family farms' Decision to Join Cooperatives

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China Economist 2019年第3期14卷 114-127页

作者： WLiu Wenxia Du Zhixiong Gao Liangliang Research Institute for Countryside Rejuvenation in China's Karst Regions Guizhou University Rural Development Institute (RDI) Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)

Reform of the corn stockpiling policy is a key initiative for advancing China's market-based grain stockpiling reform. It is a critical component of China's exploration of a price formation mechanism for agricultural products. Evaluating the effectiveness of such reform is therefore of great relevance. Based on nationwide farm monitoring data of 2014, 2015 and 2016, this paper examines the effects of the corn stockpiling reform on the decision of family farms to join cooperatives. Our finding suggests that after other factors that influence the decision of family farms to join cooperatives are controlled for, the probability of corn farms to join cooperatives in the Northeast and Inner Mongolia, where the corn stockpiling reform was carried out in 2016, is significantly higher compared with the probability of corn farms in non-reform areas that did so. The reason is that after the reform, corn producers must sell their corn to the market instead of to the State, bringing them sales problems, which could be mitigated to some extent by joining ***, the corn stockpiling reform incentivized the market-based behavior of agricultural producers, giving play to the role of market mechanisms in regulating production and demand.

关键词： reform of the corn stockpiling system family farms cooperatives marketbased sales

Analysis of the Factors Influencing Breeding Record Establishment of Sheep-raising Households or farms Based on Logit-ISM:Based on 849 Questionnaires from 17 Cities in Shandong Province

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Asian Agricultural Research 2015年第3期7卷 32-38页

作者： Shiping ZHU Shimin SUN Limin HAN College of Economics and Management Shandong Agricultural University

Breeding record is an important way to implement standardized sheep raising,trace major sheep raising epidemic information and ensure the quality and safety of products for sheep-raising households or *** on 849 questionnaires from 17 cities of Shandong Province,the paper firstly used the binary discrete model of Logit to analyze the factors influencing the establishing behavior of breeding records of sheep-raising households or farms and then used the ISM model to explain the relationship and hierarchy of each influencing *** result showed that seven factors including the education level of the deciders,farming scale,fixed number of farming years,degree of specialization,support of the government,whether to join the industrialization organization and the recognition of the breeding records have a significant impact on the establishing behavior of breeding records of the sheep-raising households or *** them,the support of the government and the recognition of breeding records are the surface direct factors,degree of specialization and whether to join the industrialization organization are the middle indirect factors,the education level of the deciders,the farming scale and the fixed number of farming years are deep source factors.

关键词： Sheep-raising households or farms Breeding records