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Impacts of Depositional facies and Diagenesis on Reservoir Quality:A Case Study from the Rudist-bearing Sarvak Formation,Abadan Plain,SW Iran

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第1期97卷 190-206页

作者： Ali ASSADI Javad HONARMAND Seyed Ali MOALLEMI Iraj ABDOLLAHIE-FARD Geology Division Tehran Energy Consultants(TEC)TehranIran School of Earth Sciences Damghan UniversityDamghanIran Department of Petroleum Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Industry(RIPI)TehranIran National Iranian Oil Company Exploration Directorate(NIOC)TehranIran

An integrated geological-petrophysical analysis of the rudist-bearing sequence of the Cretaceous Sarvak Formation is given one giant oilfield,and provides an improved understanding of this main reservoir in the Abadan Plain,in the Zagros Basin,SW Iran.The main objective of this study is to evaluate reservoir potential of the Sarvak Formation,and then to utilize the calibrated well log signature to correlate reservoir potential in un-cored wells.Eight main facies are recognized and categorized in five facies groups:lagoon,shoal,rudist-biostrome,slope,and shallow open marine,deposited on a shelf carbonate platform.Given the distribution of diagenetic products and their effects on pore systems,three diagenetic facies namely,(DF-1)low dissolution and cementation;(DF-2);high dissolution;and(DF-3)high cementation are differentiated.The initial sedimentary characteristics in combination with distribution of diagenetic products play an important role in reservoir quality heterogeneity.The effect of diagenetic processes related to disconformities mainly depends on the facies nature below these surfaces.Grain-dominated facies of shoal and rudist debris,observed below the Cenomanian–Turonian disconformity,are mostly characterized by high dissolution and interconnected pore systems.Finally,depositional and diagenetic facies in the studied wells are correlated by petrophysical well log data,leading to distribution of the reservoir zones.Data obtained can be utilized for efficient reservoir characterization of the Sarvak Formation and its equivalent units in the Arabian Plate.

关键词： upstream petroleum facies diagenesis disconformity reservoir quality rudists Sarvak Formation Zagros Basin

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facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of Silurian Carbonate Ramps in the Turan(Kopeh-Dagh) and Central Iran Plates with Emphasis on Gondwana Tectonic Event

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第4期89卷 1276-1295页

作者： Zohreh NOWROUZI Asadollah MAHBOUBI Reza MOUSSAVI-HARAMI Mohammad Hossein MAHMUDY GHARAIE Farzin GHAEMI Department of Geology Faculty of SciencesFerdowsi University of Mashhad

Two sections from the Silurian deposits in the Central Iran Micro and Turan Plates were measured and sampled. These deposits are mostly composed of submarine volcanic rocks, skeletal and non-skeletal limestone, shale and sandstone that were deposited in low to high energy conditions （from tidal flat to deep open marine）. According to gradual deepening trend, wide lateral distribution of facies as well as absence of resedimentation deposits, a depositional model of a homoclinal ramp was proposed for these deposits. Field observations and facies distribution indicate that, two depositional sequences were recognized in both sections. These sections show similarities in facies and depositional sequence during the Early Silurian in the area. Although there are some opinions and evidences that demonstrated Paleo-Tethys rifting phase started at the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian, similarities suggest that the Turan and Iran Plates were not completely detached tectonic block during this time, and that their depositional conditions were affected by global sea level changes and tectonic events.

关键词： facies sequence stratigraphy Silurian Central Iran Plate Turan Plate

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Effect of Organic Matter Type and Maturity on Organic Matter Pore Formation of Transitional facies Shales: A Case Study on Upper Permian Longtan and Dalong Shales in Middle Yangtze Region, China

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Journal of Earth Science 2020年第2期31卷 368-384页

作者： Zhongrui Wu Sheng He Yuanjia Han Gangyi Zhai Xipeng He Zhi Zhou Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources Ministry of EducationChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Oil&Gas Survey Center China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China Research Institute of Exploration and Development of East China Branch of SINOPEC Nanjing 210011China

Organic matter(OM)nanopores developed in transitional facies shales,i.e.,the Upper Permian Longtan and Dalong Formations in the Yangtze Platform,China,were investigated to determine the corre-sponding influence of thermal maturity and OM types within the geological conditions.A suite of 16 core samples were taken from Type-Ⅲ Longtan shales and Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales from two wells covering a ma-turity(Ro,vitrinite reflectance)ranging from 1.22%to 1.43%and 2.62%to 2.97%,respectively.Integrated analysis of the shale samples was carried out,including field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),low-pressure N2 and CO2 adsorption,high-pressure CH4 adsorption,and mercury intrusion capillary pressure(MICP)analysis.The fluid inclusions of liquid and gas hydrocarbons trapped in calcite vein samples in Dalong shales of two wells were studied using laser Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy.FE-SEM images indicated that OM pores in different formations varied substantially in terms of shape,size,and distribution density.OM pores in Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales of Well XY1 were mainly micropore,sparsely distributed in the gas-prone kerogen with a spot-like and irregular shape,while bitumen rarely developed observable pores.In contrast,the morphology of OM pores in Type-Ⅲ Longtan shales were significantly different,which was due to differences in the OM type.The primary OM pores in some terrestrial woody debris in Longtan shales had a relatively larger pore diameter,ranging from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers and were al-most all rounded in shape,which might be one of the factors contributing to larger pore volume and gas adsorption capacity than Dalong shales of Well XY1.Comparing Dalong shales of Well XY1 with relatively lower thermal maturity,there were abundant spongy-like pores,densely developed in the pyrobitumen in Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales of Well EY1,with an irregular shape and diameter ranging from several to hundreds of nanometers.Many blue fluorescent oil inclusions and a small number of CH4 inclusions mixed wi

关键词： Middle Yangtze area Permian transitional facies shales pore structure thermal maturity organic matter type organic matter pore petroleum geology

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A Model of Hydrothermal Dolomite Reservoir facies in Precambrian Dolomite, Central Sichuan Basin, SW China and its Geochemical Characteristics

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第1期93卷 130-145页

作者： GU Yifan ZHOU Lu JIANG Yuqiang JIANG Chan LUO Mingsheng ZHU Xun School of Geosciences & Technology Southwest Petroleum University Exploration Division PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company Shunan Division of Petrochina Southwest Oil&Gas Field Company Exploration and Development Institute of Southwest Oil&Gas Field Company PetroChina

Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug(or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter-breccia vug(or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved-fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine-medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids(average temperature 192°C). Fine-medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ^(18)O, significant enrichment of Mn-Fe and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono-hydrothermal events(i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness(e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids(such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement-rooted faults and associated grid-like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above-mentioned faults(including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can serve as a key target for future hydrocarbon expl

关键词： hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies geochemical characteristics Precambrian Dengying Formation central Sichuan Basin

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High resolution facies architecture and digital outcrop modeling of the Sandakan formation sandstone reservoir, Borneo:Implications for reservoir characterization and flow simulation

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第3期10卷 957-971页

作者： Numair A.Siddiqui Mu.Ramkumar Abdul Hadi A.Rahman Manoj J.Mathew M.Santosh Chow W.Sum David Menier Department of Petroleum Geosciences Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Department of Geology Periyar University Institute of Oceanography and Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Department of Earth Sciences University of Adelaide School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing Laboratoire Géosciences Océan UMR CNRS 6538Campus de Tohannic

Advances in photogrammetry have eased the acquisition of high-resolution digital information from outcrops, enabling faster, non-destructive data capturing and improved reservoir modeling. Geocellular models for flow dynamics with in the virtual outcrop in siliciclastic deposits at different sets of sandstone facies architecture remain, however, a challenge. Digital maps of bedding, lithological contrast, spatial-temporal variations of bedding and permeability characteristics make it more easy to understand flow tortuosity in a particular architecture. An ability to precisely model these properties can improve reservoir characterization and flow modeling at different scales. Here we demonstrate the construction of realistic 2 D sandstone facies based models for a pragmatic simulation of flow dynamics using a combination of digital point clouds dataset acquired from LiDAR and field investigation of the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, Borneo.Additionally, we present methods for enhancing the accuracy of outcrop digital datasets for producing high resolution flow simulation. A well-exposed outcrop from the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, northwest Borneo having a lateral extent of 750 m was chosen in order to implement our research approach. Sandstone facies and its connectivity are well constrained by outcrop observations, data from air-permeability measurements, bilinear interpolation of permeability, grid construction and water vector analysis for flow dynamics.These proportions were then enumerated in terms of static digital outcrop model(DOM) and facies model based on sandstone facies bedding characteristics. Flow simulation of water vector analysis through each of the four sandstone facies types show persistent spatial correlation of permeability that align with either cross-bedded orientation or straight with more dispersion high quality sandstone(porosity 21.25%-41.2%and permeability 1265.20-5986.25 mD) and moderate quality sandstone(porosity 10.44%-28.75% and permeability 21.44-1023.33 mD). Whereas, in more heterolit

关键词： Siliciclastic sandstone facies Connectivity Heterogeneity Digital outcrop model Flow dynamics

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Diagenesis,facies and palaeocurrent analysis of Upper Rewa Sandstone around Sagar,Central India

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2023年第4期12卷 546-563页

作者： Gaurav K.Singh Ashish K.Rai Arvind K.Singh Department of Applied Geology Dr.Harisingh Gour VishwavidyalayaSagar 470003Madhya PradeshIndia Geological Survey of India ShillongIndia

The stratigraphic surface represented by a major contact between the Archean Bundelkhand Granite and the extensive Proterozoic Vindhyan sediments is a regional basement cover unconformity.This crystalline—sedimentary interface reflects an intense weathering of continental crust during marine transgression.Three time-transgressive sand deposition events viz.Kaimur,Rewa and Bhander are mainly witnessed during the entire Vindhyan sedimentation.Stratigraphically,the Upper Rewa Sandstone comprises one of these events in the Vindhyan Basin.Considerable progress has been made in interpreting these sandstones as a function of entirely marine process to a combination of tidal—fluvio—eolian activities.All the results have so far been attained on the basis of sedimentary facies,provenance,palaeocurrent analysis,and some of petrography.A distinct differentiation between marine and fluvial components of the Upper Rewa Sandstone still remains uncertain.Here,we use diagenesis as a parameter for the first time along with facies and palaeocurrent analysis to acquire a clear comprehension of marine-and fluvial-dominated processes.The present study spans 27 square kilometer area covering 15 stratigraphic sections with a collection of 571directional data from the facies specific sedimentary structures,and 28 samples obtained for the thin section analysis.The lower unit of the Upper Rewa Sandstone shows facies association typical of tidal environment,along with polymodal palaeocurrent.These rocks are well sorted and dominantly lithified by authigenic cement.Profuse development of a complex of syntaxial,passive pore fills,and grain replacive cements reflect normally pressured nature of the lower unit sandstones.The upper unit of the Upper Rewa Sandstone however,reveals a facies pattern resembling fluvial processes and unimodal palaeocurrent plot.They exhibit poor sorting,siliceous,and ferruginous matrix,and development of intense stylolites.Since,pressure solution is a dominant mode of lithification;the upper unit rocks therefore,are

关键词： Palaeocurrent Diagenesis facies Upper Rewa Sandstone Vindhyan Basin

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Some new thoughts of definitions of terms of sedimentary facies:Based on Miall's paper(1985)

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2022年第1期11卷 1-7页

作者： Zeng-Zhao Feng China University of Petroleum(Beijing) Beijing100083China

In recent years,the Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition and English Edition)continually received manuscripts,in which some authors are from China and some are from Pakistan,Lithuania,Morocco,South Africa,etc.The authors of these manuscripts,according to the viewpoint and method of Miall’s paper(1985),selected rocks from each bed in the clastic sections of their study areas and induced some rock types,such as conglomerates,sandstones and fine-grained stones,and considered them as lithofacies.It does not conform to the definition of lithofacies.I wrote some papers,i.e.,Feng(2018,2019,2020),to point out the problems and hope that the authors worldwide,especially Chinese authors,will not continually cite,spread and follow Miall’s paper(1985)viewpoint and method blindly.Prof.Miall is the first person who considered rocks(in fact,the sediments)as lithofacies and proposed a facies analysis method.His viewpoint and facies analysis method confused the definition of facies and facies analysis method.My current paper is a special article to discuss the principal problems of Miall’s paper(1985),i.e.,he considered the sediments as lithofacies and utilized lithofacies to analyze facies,but not to discuss the contributions and less strictness of architectural elements of his paper.Here,I have to declare that the facies in my current paper is the facies of sedimentary petrology,but not of other geological disciplines,such as igneous petrology,metamorphic petrology,palaeontology,stratigraphy,geophysics,geochemistry.Certainly,the definitions of facies and lithofacies are controversial.My current paper will adhere to the policy of“A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend”.I hope that through academic discussions,contends and geological practice,these problems will be solved gradually.

关键词： Rocks Sediments Sedimentary environments facies Sedimentary facies Lithofacies Lithology facies analysis method A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend Geological practice

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facies and Sequence Stratigraphy Analyses of Klasaman Formation in the “X Well”, Northern Salawati Basin, Papua, Indonesia

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Open Journal of Geology 2018年第5期8卷 499-513页

作者： Ovinda Edy Sunardi Ahmad Helman Hamdani Muhammad Burhannudinnur Afriadhi Triwerdhana Faculty of Geological Engineering Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Indonesia Faculty of Earth Technology and Energy Universitas Trisakti Jakarta Indonesia KTI Exploration Pertamina EP Jakarta Indonesia

The “X Well” is located in the Salawati Basin which is part of Western Papua. The interval of study is the Klasaman Formation that is characterized by thick sediment intercalated sandstones and shales. The movement of Sorong Fault strongly controlled the sedimentation of this formation. This study is very important to give a contribution for developing exploration prospect by predicting reservoir distribution since localized facies change may mark the distribution of sandstones. The current study aims: 1) to define the age of Klasaman Formation;2) to define the vertical facies;3) to define the sequence stratigraphy;and 4) to predict the lateral change of facies. Five nannofossil datum planes are found throughout the interval and cover the age Late Miocene to Early Pliocene. LO Sphenolithus abies points the age 3.65 Ma, LO Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus points the age 3.79 Ma, FO Pseudoemiliania lacunosa points the age 4 Ma, LO Discoaster quinqueramus and LO Discoaster berrgrenii point the age 5.59 Ma and Top of small Reticulofenestra Interval points the age 7.167 Ma. They define the NN11 up to NN16 Martini’s zonation. The age of Klasaman Formation is known as the uppermost Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene. Four facies can be identified, namely Upper Shoreface, Lower Shoreface, Offshore Transition and Offshore. The upper shoreface facies is characterized by thick and clean sandstones, about 2.41 - 20.64 meters thick, while the lower shoreface facies consists of predominantly very fine to fine-grained sandstones intercalated by siltstones and claystones. The offshore transition facies is marked by thick claystones and siltstones intercalated with thin sandstones, whilst the offshore facies is marked by thick laminated claystones. Nine Parasequences 4th order can be identified within study interval, namely Progradational Parasequence-1 to 2, Retrogradational Parasequence-3, Progradational Parasequence-4 to 6, Retrogradational Parasequence-7 to 9. They are bounded by Sequence Boundary-1 to 8. The upper shoreface

关键词： Salawati Basin Nannofossil Age facies Sequence Stratigraphy and Sorong Fault

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西伯利亚克拉通南缘奥里洪地块麻粒相变质作用及构造意义

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岩石学报 2009年第12期25卷 3346-3356页

作者：李晓春于津海桑丽芹罗莉朱国荣 Nanjing Univ Dept Earth Sci State Key Lab Mineral Deposits Res Nanjing 210093 Peoples R China

早古生代西伯利亚克拉通南缘发生了大规模的增生-碰撞造山运动,本文研究的地区——奥里洪地块记录了巴尔古津微板块与西伯利亚克拉通碰撞造山的事件。对奥里洪地块出露的两种典型的高级变质岩——石榴辉石岩和石榴黑云片麻岩的矿物成分... 详细信息

早古生代西伯利亚克拉通南缘发生了大规模的增生-碰撞造山运动,本文研究的地区——奥里洪地块记录了巴尔古津微板块与西伯利亚克拉通碰撞造山的事件。对奥里洪地块出露的两种典型的高级变质岩——石榴辉石岩和石榴黑云片麻岩的矿物成分分析和变质温压计算,表明它们都经历了麻粒岩相的峰期变质作用,峰期变质温度达到770～800℃,而压力曾达到1.0GPa左右;峰后的退变质作用仍具有较高的温度,但压力明显降低(700～730℃,0.65GPa和710～766℃,0.50GPa),显示了一个近等温降压(ITD)的顺时针P-T轨迹特征。石榴黑云片麻岩中变质锆石的原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明,麻粒岩相峰期变质年龄为479±2Ma,而峰前变质可能在500Ma就已经开始。峰后的退变质作用很可能发生在475～460Ma之后。整个造山作用持续了至少35Ma。对比蒙古-图瓦地块及中国东北佳木斯-额尔古纳地块已厘定出的变质作用及岩浆活动年龄可以发现,西伯利亚克拉通南缘不同地区增生-碰撞造山作用发生的时间是不同的,奥里洪地区造山作用相对年轻。

关键词：西伯利亚克拉通额尔古纳地块退变质作用构造意义 tectonic significance retrograde metamorphism granulite facies metamorphism 碰撞造山作用峰期变质 southern Mineral composition metamorphic rocks garnet pyroxenite collision orogeny 麻粒岩相 high temperature 石榴辉石岩片麻岩矿物成分分析地区

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A review on the definitions of terms of sedimentary facies

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2019年第4期8卷 321-331页

作者： Zeng-Zhao Feng Editorial Office of Journal of Palaeogeography China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

In recent years,in some papers and manuscripts published in and submitted to the Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition and English Edition),the authors named the rocks or rock types as"microfacies"or"lithofacies",named the microfeatures in thin-sections under microscope as"microfacies",and named the macrofeatures of rocks as"macrofacies".I wrote two short papers"Words of the Editor-in-Chief—Rocks are not microfacies"(Feng,Journal of Palaeogeography 19(5):II 2017)and"Words of the Editor-in-Chief—Rocks are not lithofacies"(Feng,Journal of Palaeogeography 20(3):452–452,2018)which were in Chinese and published in the Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition).However,they did not attract much attention of readers in China and outside China.In addition,in1980 s,some Chinese sedimentologists proposed"subfacies"and"microfacies"based on the macrofeatures of rocks from outcrops and drilling cores.However,the definition of this"microfacies"is totally different from the"microfacies"proposed by foreign sedimentologists in 1940 s based on the microfeatures in thin-sections under microscope.These problems appeared repeatedly and forced me,as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition and English Edition),to observe the policy of"A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend",to write new papers"A review on the definitions of terms of sedimentary facies"both in Chinese and in English,to clarify the definitions of the terms of sedimentary facies,i.e.,"facies","lithofacies",two"microfacies","macrofacies","subfacies",etc.I hope that the new papers will attract attention of readers worldwide and they can write papers and participate in the discussion and contending of these problems,strive for getting some common understandings,and therefore promote the progress and development of sedimentology and palaeogeography.

关键词： Sedimentary facies facies Lithofacies Microfacies Macrofacies Subfacies A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend

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