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The role of earthquake-induced landslides in erosion and weathering from active mountain ranges:Progress and perspectives

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第12期64卷 2069-2082页

作者： Zhangdong JIN Robert G.HILTON AJoshua WEST Gen K.LI Fei ZHANG Jin WANG Gaojun LI Xuanmei FAN Meng-Long HSIEH State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’an710061China Institute of Global Environmental Change Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an710049China Department of Geography Durham UniversityDurhamDH13LEUK Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA School of Land Engineering Chang’an UniversityXi’an710054China Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing210023China State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu610059China Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Taiwan Chung Cheng UniversityChiayi600China

Earthquakes play a fundamental role in the evolution of Earth’s topography through co-seismic uplift and subsidence,as well as erosion through widespread landslides induced by ground motion.Earthquake-induced landslides can result in exceptional increases in the transfer of mass from landscapes,supplying sediment to rivers where impacts can last for decades or longer.Landslides can also erode vegetation and soils,in addition to exposing freshly ground rock mass,which can both result in regionally significant carbon transfers.Recent work has sought to quantify the fluxes,rates,and temporal patterns of the impacts on earth surface processes generated by these tectonic events.In this review,we focus on the impacts of earthquake-induced landslides on erosion and sediment flux,river water chemistry,and carbon export through the lens of the well-studied 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.We then discuss these themes in the context of works from the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake,2015 Nepalese Gorkha earthquake,and New Zealand historical earthquakes,altogether highlighting an important role of earthquake-induced landslides in erosion and weathering along tectonically active mountain ranges.We suggest that more monitoring,geochemical tracing,paleo-records,and/or modelling studies are needed to compare the processes and fluxes of catchment erosion and weathering before and after earthquake events,which will help to deepen our understanding not only of the impacts of earthquake-induced landslides on earth surface processes,but also the linkage among high magnitude events,continental erosion and weathering,and the long-term global carbon cycle.

关键词： Earthquake erosion Chemical weathering The carbon cycle Tectonically active mountain ranges

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Effects of the particle Stokes number on wind turbine airfoil erosion

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2018年第5期39卷 639-652页

作者： Deshun LI Zhenxi ZHAO Yinran LI Qing WANG Rennian LI Ye LI College of Energy and Power Engineering Lanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou 730050China Gansu Provincial Technology Centre for Wind Turbines Lanzhou 730050China Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluid Machinery and Systems Lanzhou 730050China State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering School of Naval ArchitectureOcean and CivilShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Under natural conditions, wind turbines are inevitably eroded by the action of sand-wind flow. To further investigate the effects of dust drift on the erosion of the wind turbine blades in sand-wind environments~ the effects of the wind velocity, particle diameter, and particle density on the erosion of wind turbine airfoils are studied, and the effects of the particle Stokes number on the airfoil erosion are discussed. The results show that, when the angle of attack （AOA） is 6.1~, there will be no erosion on the airfoil surface if the particle Stokes number is lower than 0.013 5, whereas erosion will occur if the particle Stokes number is higher than 0.015 1. Therefore, there exists a critical range for the particle Stokes number. When the particle Stokes number is higher than the maximum value in the critical range, airfoil erosion will occur. The result is further confirmed by changing the particle diameter, particle density, and inflow speed. It is shown that the erosion area on the airfoil and the maximum erosion rate are almost equal under the same particle Stokes number and AOA. The extent of airfoil erosion increases when the particle Stokes number increases, and the critical particle Stokes number increases when the AOA increases. Moreover, the geometric shape of the airfoil pressure surface greatly affects the airfoil erosion, especially at the curvature near the leading edge.

关键词： wind turbine airfoil erosion Stokes number sand-wind environment

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE TUBE erosion RESULTED FROM PARTICLES IMPACTS

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 1997年第4期5卷 55-64页

作者：樊建人陈丽华张新育岑可法 Department of Energy Engineering Zhejiang University

In this paper,a tube erosion caused by the turbulent flow of a dilute particle-laden gas isstudied numerically.Eulerian equations are used to describe the gas-phase motion with the turbulenceviscosity evaluated from a k-ε model of turbulence.The effect of the turbulence with a stochasticdispersion model has been taken into account for the prediction of impact particle velocity and itstrajectory,The particle impact and rebound model and the erosion model of ductile alloys obtainedby Tabakoff et al.are used to predict the particle rebound phenomena and the erosion suffered bythe tubes.The results obtained in this study include the distributions of particle collision frequencyand erosion of tube surface.

关键词： tube erosion particle impact numerical simulation

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Single senescent cell sequencing reveals heterogeneity in senescent cells induced by telomere erosion

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Protein & Cell 2019年第5期10卷 370-375页

作者： Huanyin Tang Anke Geng Tengjiao Zhang Chen Wang Ying Jiang Zhiyong Mao Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity Infant Hospital Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchSchool of Life Scien ces and Tech no logyTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

Dear Editor,Over a half-century ago,Dr.Leonard Hayflick described the phenotype of a finite lifespan for human fibroblasts being passaged in in vitro cell culture(Hayflick et al.,1961),a phenomenon today known as replicative cellular senescence.Cellular senescence has been defined as a state in which cells lose their potential to divide and are permanently arrested in either the G1,or arguably the G2 stage of the cell cycle(Mao et al.,2012).In addition to replicative cellular senescenee—which is induced by large amounts of DNA damage at telomeres due to loss of the specialized T-loop structure—xogenous sublethal stresses such as ionizing radiati on,genotoxic chemicals or hyper-activated on cogenes may also trigger a similar form of senescence,stress induced premature cellular senescenee(SIPS).

关键词： Single senescent cell telomere erosion

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Experiment and finite element method analysis mass erosion and transfer of Ag/La_2NiO_4-based electrical contacts during operation

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Rare Metals 2013年第1期32卷 93-99页

作者： Song Chen Wei-Ming Guan Kun-Hua Zhang Zhi-Long Tan Ming Xie Kunming Institute of Precious Metals State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals

A uniform transient temperature field model of electrical contacts operation was found by analyzing the process of closing arc constriction resistance Joule heat ~ breaking arc. Essential parameters of Ag/La2NiO4 electrical contact material for transient temperature field calculation were obtained through tests of electrical contact experimental instrument under 18 V DC in different cur- rents, other correlation experiments, and calculation anal- ysis. The finite element method was applied to solve the transient temperature field, and the features and distribution of the transient temperature field were obtained. The condition of material erosion and mass transfer can be forecasted by those calculation results. It is beneficial to research about the lifetime of Ag/La2NiO4 electrical material.

关键词： Electrical contact Finite element Mass transfer erosion Temperature field model

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Asphaltene Surface erosion in Air Plasma

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Plasma Science and Technology 2010年第1期12卷 81-86页

作者： M. VILLA M. CALIXTO-RODRIGUEZ H. MARTINEZ J. C. POVEDA P. G. REYES P. ALTUZAR Faculty of Sciences Autonomous University of the State of Mexico State of Mexico Mexico Institute of Physical Sciences Autonomous National University of Mexico 62210 Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico Energy Research Center Autonomous National University of Mexico 62580 Temixco Morelos Mexico

Optical emission spectroscopy was applied for plasma characterization during erosion of substrates of asphaltene. The amount of 100 mg of asphaltene was carefully applied to an electrode and exposed to air plasma glow discharge at a pressure of 1.0 Tort. The plasma was generated in a stainless steel discharge chamber by an AC generator with a frequency of 60 Hz and an output power of about 60 W. The electron temperature was found to be 6.88 eV, and the ion density is about 3.5×10^16 cm^-3. As the asphaltene was exposed to the air plasma, the surface was etched. The emission from molecular bands CS2,O3, N2^＋, NO, O2, CS, S2, CN, C7H7, C2, H2, C2^-, NiO, N2 and SO, and atomic line O, were observed and some of them were used to monitor the evolution of asphaltene erosion. The asphaltene weight was reduced gradually with an etching rate of about 0.844 mg/min, during the first 20 min.

关键词： optical emission spectroscopy asphaltene erosion

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Preparation and anti atomic oxygen erosion properties of OPPOSS/PI composites

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2013年第10期20卷 994-1000页

作者： Wei-ping Li Hui-cong Liu Li-li Feng School of Materials Science and Engineering Beihang University Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Ministry of Education) Beijing University of CivilEngineering and Architecture

Atomic oxygen （AO） found in low earth orbit can cause serious erosion to polyimide （PI） materials, which greatly limits their lifetime. 8-phenyl silsesquioxane （OPPOSS） was synthesized, and OPPOSS/PI composites were pre- pared by physical blending, followed by thermal imidization to enhance the AO erosion resistance of PI materials. The morphology, composition, and structure of the composites were analyzed before and after AO exposure in a ground sim- ulated facility of atomic oxygen. After 16 h AO exposure, the OPPOSS/PI composite with 5wt% OPPOSS addition shows an erosion rate of about 1.4×10-24 cm3/atom with only 48% mass loss of that of PI without OPPOSS addition. The mixture of OPPOSS nano molecules is assembled into a kind of regular square structure and distributed evenly in OPPOSS/PI composites. Some SiO2 particles are formed in the composites during AO exposure, which can act as ＂inert points＂ to reduce the AO erosion rate of OPPOSS/PI composites.

关键词： composite materials polyimides silsesquioxanes atomic oxygen erosion

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Excellent mechanical properties and resistance to cavitation erosion for an ultra-low carbon Cr Mn N stainless steel through quenching and partitioning treatment

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2018年第5期25卷 547-553页

作者： Ze-an Zhou Wan-tang Fu Zhe Zhu Bin Li Zhong-ping Shi Shu-hua Sun State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology Yanshan University

The retained austenite content(RAC),the mechanical properties,and the resistance to cavitation erosion(CE)of the00Cr13Mn8Mo N steel after quenching and partitioning(Q&P)processing were investigated.The results show that the Q&P process affected the RAC,which reached the maximum value after partitioning at 400°C for 10 min.The tensile strength of the steel slightly decreased with increasing partitioning temperature and time.However,the elongation and product of strength and elongation first increased and then decreased.The sample partitioned at 400°C for 10 min exhibited the optimal property:a strength-ductility of 23.8 GPa?%.The resistance to CE for the 00Cr13Mn8Mo N steel treated by the Q&P process was improved due to work hardening,spalling,and cavitation-induced martensitic transformation of the retained austenite.

关键词： CrMnN steel quenching and partitioning process retained austenite mechanical property cavitation erosion

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Numerical assessment of the erosion risk for cavitating twisted hydrofoil by three methods

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2021年第4期33卷 698-711页

作者： Ting-ting Lei Huai-yu Cheng Bin Ji Xiao-xing Peng State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan UniversityWuhan430072China National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise China Ship Scientific Research CenterWuxi214082China

In this paper, the large eddy simulation (LES) method in conjunction with the Zwart cavitation model is adopted for the assessment of the erosion risk on a hydrofoil surface. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experiments. On this basis, three methods, namely the intensity function method (IFM), the time-averaged aggressiveness indicators (TAIs) and the gray level method (GLM), are applied for the assessment of the erosion risk. It is shown that the erosion intensity index of the IFM is extremely sensitive to the artificially selected thresholds, which greatly limits the application of the method. The erosion risk predicted by four indicators in the TAIs does not agree well with the experimental results. Further analysis demonstrates that the GLM using the instantaneous pressure field is relatively satisfactory, which can provide a reasonable assessment of the erosion and is not very sensitive to the artificially selected thresholds. To further improve the accuracy of the GLM for the erosion risk prediction, the time-average pressure field is adopted in the GLM for the erosion evaluation. It is suggested that the erosion assessment by using the time-averaged pressure field is in better agreement with the experimental results when compared with that by using the instantaneous pressure field.

关键词： Cavitating flow erosion numerical simulation threshold selection

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Dynamic study of infiltration rate for soils with varying degrees of degradation by water erosion

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2019年第2期7卷 167-175页

作者： Yujie Wei Xinliang Wu Jinwen Xia Rubing Zeng Chongfa Cai Tianwei Wang Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation(Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River)of the Ministry of Agriculture Soil and Water Conservation Research CentreCollege of Resources and EnvironmentHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China

Ultisols,widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of south China,are suffering from serious water erosion,however,slope hydrological process for Ultisols under different erosional degradation levels in field condition has been scarcely investigated.Field rainfall simulation at two rainfall intensities (120 and 60 mm/h) were performed on pre-wetted Ultisols with four erosion degrees (non,moderate,severe and very-severe),and the hydrological processes of these soils were determined.The variation of soil infiltration was contributed by the interaction of erosion degree and rainfall intensity (p erosion severity.Despite rainfall intensity,the infiltration process of Ultisols was also significantly influenced by mean weight diameter of aggregates at the field moisture content,soil organic carbon and particle size distribution (R2 > 30%,p erosion degradation was the intrinsic predominant factors for the change of infiltration process of Ultisols.The obtained results will facilitate the understanding of hydrological process for degraded lands,and provide useful knowledge in managing crop irrigation and soil erosion.

关键词： Soil infiltration Rainfall simulation erosional degradation Soil texture Water erosion

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