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A New Fracability Evaluation Approach for Shale Reservoirs Based on Multivariate Analysis: A Case Study in Zhaotong Shale Gas Demonstration Zone in Sichuan, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第4期93卷 1005-1014页

作者： LIU Shanyong LI Lin YUAN Yuan LOU Yishan LI Zhonghui Institute of Mud Logging Technology and Engineering Yangtze UniversityJingzhou 434023HubeiChina Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization&Sedimentary Mineral Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590China The Key Laboratory of Well Stability and Fluid&Rock Mechanics in Oil and Gas Reservoir of Shaanxi Province Xi’an Shiyou UniversityXi’an 710065China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Petro ChinaZhejiang Oilfield CompanyHangzhou 310023ZhejiangChina College of Technology&Engineering Yangtze UniversityJingzhou 434020HubeiChina School of Petroleum Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan 430100HubeiChina

Fracability characterizes the effectiveness of hydraulic *** existing assessment methods cannot reflect the actual value of the effectiveness due to a lack of comprehensive consideration and neglect of the influences of engineering *** study aims to solve this problem by implementing geological static data and production dynamic data in multivariate analysis in Zhaotong shale gas demonstration ***,the reservoir quality index(RQI)was introduced to evaluate the exploration potential by integrating the geological parameters with gray relational ***,the differences in fracturing fluid types and proppant sizes were considered,and the operating parameters were normalized on the basis of the equivalence ***,the general reservoir fracability index(GRFI)was proposed based on a dimensioned processing of the various parameters.A case study was conducted to verify the accuracy and feasibility of this new *** results demonstrate that(1)the organic carbon and gas content are adjusted to contribute the most to the calculation of the RQI,while the effective porosity contributes the least;(2)the fracturing scale is the main operating parameter determining the fracability,which has the strongest correlation with the effectiveness of fracking;and(3)the GRFI has a positive correlation with shale gas production,and the lower limit of the GRFI of 2,000 corresponds to a daily production of 50,000 m3/d;this value is defined as the threshold value of a stripper *** GRFI is consistent with the productivity trend of shale gas wells in the research block,which suggests that the new model is accurate and practical for well candidate selection.

关键词： fracability multivariate analysis equivalence principle network fracturing shale gas

Gravitational form factors and nucleon spin structure

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Frontiers of physics 2016年第5期11卷 1-8页

作者： O.V. Teryaev Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics JINR 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia

Nucleon scattering by the classical gravitational field is described by the gravitational （energy- momentum tensor） form factors （GFFs）, which also control the partition of nucleon spin between the total angular momenta of quarks and gluons. The equivalence principle （EP） for spin dynamics results in the identically zero anomalous gravitomagnetic moment, which is the straightforward analog of its electromagnetic counterpart. The extended EP （ExEP） describes its （approximate） validity separately for quarks and gluons and, in turn, results in equal partition of the momentum and total angular momentum. It is violated in quantum electrodynamics and perturbative quantum chromodynamics （QCD）, but may be restored in nonperturbative QCD because of confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, which is supported by models and lattice QCD calculations. It may, in principle, be checked by extracting the generalized parton distributions from hard exclu- sive processes. The EP for spin-1 hadrons is also manifested in inclusive processes （deep inelastic scattering and the Drell-Yan process） in sum rules for tensor structure functions and parton distributions. The ExEP may originate in either gravity-proof confinement or in the closeness of the GFF to its asymptotic values in relation to the mediocrity principle. The GFFs in time-like regions reveal some similarity between inflation and annihilation.

关键词： gravity form factors equivalence principle

Gravitational Time Dilation inside the Solid Sphere

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Journal of Modern Physics 2022年第7期13卷 1053-1064页

作者： Maciej Rybicki Independent Researcher Kraków Poland

Gravitational time dilation directly reflects the difference between gravitational potentials at different altitudes in the gravitational field. At the same time this phenomenon is expected to obey the Einstein’s equivalence principle, one of two pillars (apart from general covariance) of general relativity. The experiments aimed at detecting the gravitational time dilation are therefore described as the tests of general relativity or, alternatively, the tests of equivalence principle. When applied to the exterior of a solid sphere, these two interpretations are fully compatible both theoretically and experimentally. However, when applied to the interior of a solid sphere (e.g., to the interior of Earth), they seem to contradict each other. Namely, a strict dependence of the gravitational time dilation on the gravitational potential inside the sphere proves to be at odds with the equivalence principle. This paper reveals this problem and provides solution to it. As a consequence, it is concluded that, contrary to the current belief, the Earth’s center is older, not younger, than the Earth’s surface. Since all the previous experiments have been performed either on or above the Earth’s surface, an experiment performed below the Earth’s surface is proposed.

关键词： equivalence principle General Relativity G-Force Gravitational Potential Gravitational Time Dilation

A Conceptual Deficiency for the Use of Christoffel Connection in Gravity Theories

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Journal of Modern Physics 2020年第7期11卷 1013-1030页

作者： Georgios Kofinas Research Group of Geometry Dynamical Systems and Cosmology Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering University of the Aegean Karlovassi Samos Greece

Christoffel connection (or Levi-Civita affine connection) did not enter gravity as an axiom of minimal length for the free fall of particles (where anyway length action is not defined for massless particles), nor out of economy, but from the weak equivalence principle (gravitational force is equivalent to acceleration according to Einstein) together with the identification of the local inertial frame with the local Lorentz one. This identification implies that the orbits of all particles are given by the geodesics of the Christoffel connection. Here, we show that in the presence of only massless particles (absence of massive particles), the above identification is inconsistent and does not lead to any connection. The proof is based on the existence of projectively equivalent connections and the absence of proper time for null particles. If a connection derived by some kinematical principles for the particles is to be applied in the world, it is better for these principles to be valid in all relevant spacetime rather than different principles to give different connections in different spacetime regions. Therefore, our result stated above may imply a conceptual insufficiency of the use of the Christoffel connection in the early universe where only massless particles are expected to be present (whenever at least some notions, like orbits, are meaningful), and thus of the total use of this connection. If in the early universe, the notion of a massive particle, which appears latter in time, cannot be used, in an analogous way in a causally disconnected high-energy region (maybe deep interior of astrophysical objects or black holes), the same conclusions could be extracted if only massless particles are present.

关键词： Particle Kinematics Massless Particles equivalence principle Local Inertial Frames Local Lorentz Frames

Encoding Energy-Density as Geometry

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Journal of Modern Physics 2021年第9期12卷 1190-1209页

作者： Edwin Eugene Klingman Cybernetic Micro Systems Inc. San Gregorio CA USA

Physicists possess an intuitive awareness of Euclidian space and time and Galilean transformation, and are then challenged with Minkowski space-time and Einstein’s curved space-time. Relativistic experiments support the “time-dilation” interpretation and others support “curved space-time” interpretation. In this, and related work, we investigate the key issues in terms of the intuitive space-time frame. In particular, we provide alternative approaches to explain “time dilation” and to explain the energy density for gravity systems. We approach the latter problem from an information perspective.

关键词： Curved Space-Time Gravitational Energy Stress-Energy Tensor Encoding Information in Geometry Time Dilation equivalence principle Minkowski Relation Schwarzschild Metric Linearized General Relativity Cosmology

On translation of Brand Names

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读与写(教育教学刊) 2010年第5期07卷 15-16页

作者：杨丽华广州康大职业技术学院应用外语系

In this paper,the author states that translation of brand names should cross the cultural boundary of the target language and conform to people’s aesthetic psychology. Based on the principle of the functional equivalence and the ad features,the author tries to point out what should be paid attention to when translating brand names and summarize the translating methods of brand names.

关键词： cultural boundary aesthetic psychology equivalence principle ad features translating methods

Analysis of Bernhand Kanlgren’s Translation of The Book of Songs

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Analysis of Bernhand Kanlgren’s Translation of The Book of ...

作者：張昊 North China Electric Power University

This paper aims to provide theoretical support for the research with Nida’s equivalence principle, and analyze and study the translation of Chinese classical literature of Bernhand Kanlgren from the perspective of linguistics and culture through the horizontal and vertical comparison. This paper compares the translation of classical Chinese texts from the perspective of cultural background and the target of translators.

关键词： The Book of Songs equivalence principle translation

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