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Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in sub- Saharan Africa: Implications for elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2021年第36期27卷 6025-6038页

作者： Edina Amponsah-Dacosta Vaccines for Africa Initiative School of Public Health and Family MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape Town 7925Western CapeSouth Africa

elimination of viral hepatitis in sub-Saharan Africa by 2030 is an ambitious feat.However,as stated by the World Health Organization,there are unprecedented opportunities to act and make significant contributions to the elimination target.With 60 million people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus(HBV)of whom 38800 are at risk of developing highly fatal hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)every year,sub-Saharan Africa faces one of the greatest battles towards elimination of viral hepatitis.There is a need to examine progress in controlling the disproportionate burden of HBV-associated HCC in sub-Saharan Africa within the context of this elimination target.By scaling-up coverage of hepatitis B birth dose and early childhood vaccination,we can significantly reduce new cases of HCC by as much as 50%within the next three to five decades.Given the substantial reservoir of chronic HBV carriers however,projections show that HCC incidence and mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa will double by 2040.This warrants urgent public health attention.The trends in the burden of HCC over the next two decades,will be determined to a large extent by progress in achieving early diagnosis and appropriate linkage to care for high-risk chronic HBV infected persons.

关键词： Hepatitis B virus Viral hepatitis,Hepatocellular Carcinoma elimination Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sub-Saharan Africa

Integrating innovations:a qualitative analysis of referral non-completion among rapid diagnostic test-positive patients in Uganda’s human African trypanosomiasis elimination programme

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2018年第1期7卷 844-859页

作者： Shona J.Lee Jennifer J.Palmer Centre of African Studies University of EdinburghGeorge SquareEdinburgh EH89LDUK Health in Humanitarian Crises Centre London School of Hygiene&Tropical MedicineKeppel StreetLondon WC1E 7HTUK.

Background:The recent development of rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)for human African trypanosomiasis(HAT)enables elimination programmes to decentralise serological screening services to frontline health facilities.However,patients must still undertake multiple onwards referral steps to either be confirmed or discounted as cases.Accurate surveillance thus relies not only on the performance of diagnostic technologies but also on referral support structures and patient decisions.This study explored why some RDT-positive suspects failed to complete the diagnostic referral process in West Nile,Uganda.Methods:Between August 2013 and June 2015,85%(295/346)people who screened RDT-positive were examined by microscopy at least once;10 cases were detected.We interviewed 20 RDT-positive suspects who had not completed referral(16 who had not presented for their first microscopy examination,and 4 who had not returned for a second to dismiss them as cases after receiving discordant[RDT-positive,but microscopy-negative results]).Interviews were analysed thematically to examine experiences of each step of the referral process.Results:Poor provider communication about HAT RDT results helped explain non-completion of referrals in our sample.Most patients were unaware they were tested for HAT until receiving results,and some did not know they had screened positive.While HAT testing and treatment is free,anticipated costs for transportation and ancillary health services fees deterred many.Most expected a positive RDT result would lead to HAT treatment.RDT results that failed to provide a definitive diagnosis without further testing led some to question the expertise of health workers.For the four individuals who missed their second examination,complying with repeat referral requests was less attractive when no alternative diagnostic advice or treatment was given.Conclusions:An RDT-based surveillance strategy that relies on referral through all levels of the health system is inevitably subject to its limitations.In Uganda,a key structur

关键词： Human African trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness Uganda Passive screening Diagnostics Case detection Referral completion Rapid diagnostic tests elimination

elimination of tropical disease through surveillance and response

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2013年第1期2卷 1-5页

作者： Xiao-Nong Zhou RobertBergquist Marcel Tanner National Insttute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai 200025People's Republic of China WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria Schistosomiasis and FilarlasisKey Laboratory of Parasite and Vector BlologyMinistry of HealthShanghal 200025People's Republic of China Ingerod 407BrastadSweden Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Swiss Tropical and Public Health InstituteP.O.BoxBasel CH4002 Swizerand University of Basel P.O.BoxBasel CH4003Switzerland

Surveillance and response represent the final crucial steps in achieving effective control and particularly elimination of communicable diseases as recognized in the area of neglected tropical diseases(NTDs),applied in increasing numbers in endemic countries with ongoing control and elimination programmers.More and more national NTD elimination initiatives are scheduled based on the innovative and effective One world-One health perspective to detect pockets of transmission and disease reintroduction.Resource-constrained countries,which carry the heaviest NTD burdens,face various challenges how to strengthen the health system as well as developing effective and novel tools for sureillance and response tailored to local settings.Surillance-response approaches take place in two different stages oralling the basic components of the sureillance response system for NTD elimination.Six different research priorities have been identified:(1)dynamic mapping of transmission,(2)near real-time capture of population dynamics,(3)modelling based on a minimum essential database/dataset,(4)implementation of mobile health(m-health)and sensitive diagnostics,(5)design of effective response packages tailored to different transmission settings and levels,and( 6)validation of approaches and responses packages.

关键词： elimination tropical neglected

The positive influence the Onchocerciasis elimination Program for the Americas has had on Africa programs

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2019年第4期8卷 107-107页

作者： Frank O.Richards B.E.B.Nwoke Isam Zarroug Edridah Tukahebwa Nebiyu Negussu T.B.Higazi David Oguttu Zerihun Tadesse Emmanuel Miri Nabil Aziz Peace Habomugisha Moses Katabarwa The Carter Center One Copenhill Avenue453 Freedom ParkwayAtlantaGA 30307USA 不详

A recent article Is onchocerciasis elimination in Africa feasible by 2025:a perspective based on lessons learnt from the African control programmesH in Infectious Diseases of Poverty claimed that undue influence on African programs by concepts developed by the Onchocerciasis elimination Program of the Americas(OEPA)is detrimental to stopping mass drug administration(MDA)in Africa.This claim is made despite a record year for MDA stoppage in four African countries of>3.5 million treatments in 2018,far exceeding any past OEPA or African Program for Onchocerciasis Control(APOC)stop MDA success.

关键词： Onchocerciasis elimination Ivermectin mass drug administration Onchocerciasis control Programme for West Africa Test for antibody to Onchocerca volvulus 16 kDa antigen

A controllable coupling structure for silicon microring resonators based on adiabatic elimination

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Chinese Optics Letters 2020年第1期18卷 110-114页

作者：杨丰赫孙鹏斐陈睿轩周治平 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks School of Electronics Engineering and Computer SciencePeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Peking University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057China Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Optical microring resonators are extensively employed in a wide range of physical studies and applications due to the resonance enhancement property.Incorporating coupling control of a microring resonator is necessary in many scenarios,but modifications are essentially added to the resonator and impair the capability of optical enhancement.Here,we propose a flexible coupling structure based on adiabatic elimination that allows low-loss active coupling control without any modifications to the resonators.The self-coupling coefficient can be monotonically or non-monotonically controllable by the proposed coupler,potentially at a high speed.The characteristic of the coupler when implemented in silicon microring resonators is investigated in detail using substantiated analytical theory and experiments.This work provides a general method in coupling control while ensuring the resonance enhancement property,making active coupling control in a resonator-waveguide system feasible.

关键词： silicon photonics adiabatic elimination resonance system

A multidisciplinary,integrated approach for the elimination of schistosomiasis:a longitudinal study in a historically hyperendemic region in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,China from 2005 to 2014

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 484-494页

作者： Le-Ping Sun Wei Wang Yin-Ping Zuo Qing-Biao Hong Guang-Lin Du Yu-Cai Ma Jian Wang Guo-Jing Yang Dao-Jian Zhu You-Sheng Liang Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention No.117 YangxiangMeiyuanWuxi CityJiangsu Province 214064China Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology No.117 YangxiangMeiyuanWuxi CityJiangsu Province 214064China Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases No.117 YangxiangMeiyuanWuxi CityJiangsu Province 214064China Yangzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention No.36 Yanfu East RoadYangzhou CityJiangsu Province 225000China Hanjiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wenhui West RoadYangzhou CityJiangsu Province 225000China

Background:Although great success has been achieved,schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in China,and the remaining core endemic regions are concentrated along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.In this longitudinal study,we evaluated the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary,integrated approach for schistosomiasis elimination in a historically hyper-endemic region in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,China over the 10-year period from 2005 through 2014.Methods:A three-step roadmap for schistosomiasis elimination was designed in the study site,and multidisciplinary,integrated interventions were implemented by the health,agriculture,water resources development,land and resources,and forestry sectors from 2005 to 2014,including chemotherapy for infected individuals,health education,management of the source of Schistosoma japonicum infection,and intermediate host snail control.The annual number of schistosomiasis patients,S.japonicum infection in humans,bovines and Oncomelania hupensis snails,and water infectivity were observed to assess the effectiveness of the multidisciplinary,integrated approach for the elimination of schistosomiasis.Results:There was a tendency towards a gradual decline in both the number of schistosomiasis cases and the prevalence of S.japonicum human infection across the study period from 2005 through 2014.No S.japonicum human infection was detected since 2012,and no acute infection was seen since 2006.During the study period,no infection was found in bovines,and a 0.03%overall infection rate was observed in O.hupensis snails.Since 2009,no infected snails were identified,and the area of both snail habitats and infected snail habitats appeared a reduction over the study period.Following the 3-year multidisciplinary,integrated control,infection control was achieved,and transmission control was achieved after 6-year implementation,with all infected snails and water infectivity eliminated;in addition,the 10-year implementation resulted in interruption of schist

关键词： Schistosomiasis elimination Multidisciplinary approach Integrated control Yangtze River Longitudinal study China

elimination of HCFCs in Polyurethane Rigid Foam Sector Faces Challenges

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China Chemical Reporter 2009年第Z1期20卷 30-30页

作者： Liu Weidong

Schedule for eliminatingHCFCs is tightenedThe environmental problem has become afocus of attention in various countries ofthe world in recent years. At the 19th con-ference of signatories of the "Montreal Pro-tocol on... 详细信息

关键词： Schedule tocol Montreal schedule elimination moret

HCV-discovery to elimination, 'myth or reality'

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Hepatoma Research 2018年第9期4卷 37-44页

作者： Wasim Jafri Basit Siddiqui Safia Awan Aga Khan University Department of Medicine Section of GastroenterologyKarachi 75500Pakistan

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was discovered in 1989, before that it was commonly known as transfusion associated non A non B hepatitis. It rapidly assumed the role of leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer and a leading indication for liver transplant globally. For over two decades the treatment was suboptimal with the use of pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination across all genotypes. The vaccine development also failed for over two decades. However a major breakthrough happened in December 2013 when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first pan genotypic oral directly acting drug Sofosbuvir. Since then many new directly acing drugs have been approved through fast track by the FDA. Today we have directly acting antiviral agents for all HCV patients providing cure rates of over 90%. Looking into this success the World Health Organization has set targets for 2030 for HCV elimination. There are several countries which have formed strategies to achieve this goal and others are still thinking to develop their own strategies. The availability of generics have reduced the prices substantially, however the problem is so gigantic that unless proper operational strategies for elimination are developed by the developing world especially by China and Pakistan, the two counties having the largest existing pool of HCV patients, the goals of elimination may not come true.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus elimination directly acting antiviral agents Pakistan

Analysis the Results of Control and elimination of Coal-Burning-Borne Endemic Fluorosis in Chongqing City

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2018年第3期8卷 145-152页

作者： Wei Yan Jun Xie Xinshu Li Shuang Zhou Disease Control and Prevention Center of Chongqing City Chongqing China

Objective: Discuss the analysis of the results of control and elimination of coal-burning fluorosis in Chongqing, and evaluate the effect of prevention and control. Methods: Dean’s method was used to investigate the fluorosis for the local children whose ages ranged from 8 to 12 years old, the use of improved stoves in residential households, the drying of corn and pepper for human consumption, and the results were evaluated and discussed according to the national standard for the control and elimination of coal-burning fluorosis. Results: The prevalence rate of dental fluorosis borne-disease in children whose ages ranged from 8 to 12 years old was about 11.28% in 661 historically diseased villages in 100 townships and in 13 districts and counties of Chongqing city. The correct utilization rates of improved stoves, qualified improved stoves, and qualified stoves were 100%, 98.82%, and 99.45%, respectively. The correct drying rates of corn and pepper for human consumption were 99.88% and 99.75% respectively. There are 24 uncontrolled villages, 225 controlled villages, and 412 villages in eliminated disease zones in administrative villages. There are 4 villages and counties in uncontrolled, 4 in controlled, and 5 eliminated areas in districts and counties. Conclusion: Fluorosis borne-disease caused by coal-burning in Chongqing has reached the control and elimination targets of the twelfth Five-year plan.

关键词： Coal-Burning Fluorosis Control and elimination Evaluation