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Electrically tunable optical metasurfaces

Photonics Insights 2024年第3期3卷 210-262页

作者： Fei Ding Chao Meng Sergey I.Bozhevolnyi Centre for Nano optics University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark

optical metasurfaces have emerged as a groundbreaking technology in photonics,offering unparalleled control over light-matter interactions at the subwavelength scale with ultrathin surface nanostructures and thereby giving birth to flat *** most reported optical metasurfaces are static,featuring well-defined optical responses determined by their compositions and configurations set during fabrication,dynamic optical metasurfaces with reconfigurable functionalities by applying thermal,electrical,or optical stimuli have become increasingly more in demand and moved to the forefront of research and *** various types of dynamically controlled metasurfaces,electrically tunable optical metasurfaces have shown great promise due to their fast response time,low power consumption,and compatibility with existing electronic control systems,offering unique possibilities for dynamic tunability of light–matter interactions via electrical *** we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art design methodologies and technologies explored in this rapidly evolving *** work delves into the fundamental principles of electrical modulation,various materials and mechanisms enabling tunability,and representative applications for active light-field manipulation,including optical amplitude and phase modulators,tunable polarization optics and wavelength filters,and dynamic waveshaping optics,including holograms and *** review terminates with our perspectives on the future development of electrically triggered optical metasurfaces.

关键词： optical metasurfaces electrical modulation electro-optic materials micro-electromechanical and nanoelectromechanical systems

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Femtojoule electro-optic modulation using a silicon– organic hybrid device

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Light(Science & Applications) 2015年第1期4卷 483-490页

作者： Sebastian Koeber Robert Palmer Matthias Lauermann Wolfgang Heni Delwin L Elder Dietmar Korn Markus Woessner Luca Alloatti Swen Koenig Philipp C Schindler Hui Yu Wim Bogaerts Larry R Dalton Wolfgang Freude Juerg Leuthold Christian Koos Institute of Photonics and Quantum electronics(IPQ)and Institute of Microstructure Technology(IMT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology(KIT)76131 KarlsruheGermany Now with:Institute of electromagnetic Fields Swiss Federal Institute of Technology(ETH)ZurichSwitzerland University of Washington Department of ChemistrySeattleWA 98195-1700USA Now with:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Lab of Electronics(RLE)CambridgeMA 02139USA Now with:Infinera Corporation SunnyvaleCAUSA Ghent University–IMEC Photonics Research GroupDepartment of Information TechnologyGentBelgium Now with:Department of Information Science and electronic Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China

Energy-efficient electro-optic modulators are at the heart of short-reach optical interconnects,and silicon photonics is considered the leading technology for realizing such ***,the performance of all-silicon devices is limited by intrinsic material *** particular,the absence of linear electro-optic effects in silicon renders the integration of energy-efficient photonic–electronic interfaces ***–organic hybrid(SOH)integration can overcome these limitations by combining nanophotonic silicon waveguides with organic cladding materials,thereby offering the prospect of designing optical properties by molecular *** this paper,we demonstrate an SOH Mach–Zehnder modulator with unprecedented efficiency:the 1-mm-long device consumes only 0.7 fJ bit^(-1) to generate a 12.5 Gbit s^(-1) data stream with a bit-error ratio below the threshold for hard-decision forward-error *** power consumption represents the lowest value demonstrated for a non-resonant Mach–Zehnder modulator in any material *** is enabled by a novel class of organic electro-optic materials that are designed for high chromophore density and enhanced molecular *** device features an electro-optic coefficient of r33<180 pm V^(-1) and can be operated at data rates of up to 40 Gbit s^(-1).

关键词： electro-optic materials electro-optic modulation nonlinear organic materials silicon-organic hybrid

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