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Natural nest substrates influence squamate embryo physiology but have little effect on hatchling phenotypes

Integrative Zoology 2022年第4期17卷 550-566页

作者： Joshua M.HALL Jocelyn MIRACLE Cindy D.SCRUGGS Daniel A.WARNER Department of Biological Sciences Auburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA

Vertebrate embryos require access to water;however,many species nest in terrestrial habitats that vary considerably in moisture content.Oviparous,non-avian reptiles have served as models to understand how environmental factors,like moisture availability,influence development because eggs are often exposed to prevailing environments in the absence of parental care.Though much research demonstrates the importance of water absorption by eggs,many ecological factors that influence moisture availability in natural nests have received little attention.For example,the type of substrate in which nests are constructed is understudied.We experimentally incubated eggs of the brown anole lizard(Anolis sagrei)in 2 naturally occurring nest substrates that were treated with varying amounts of water to determine how natural substrates influence development at different moisture concentrations.One substrate consisted of sand and crushed seashells and the other was mostly organic material(i.***.decayed plant material).Both are common nesting substrates at our field site.When controlling for water uptake by eggs,we found that egg survival and hatchling phenotypes were similar between substrates;however,embryos developed more quickly in the sand/shell substrate than the organic substrate,indicating substrate-specific effects on embryo physiology.These results demonstrate that different natural substrates can result in similar developmental outcomes if the water available to eggs is comparable;however,some aspects of development,like developmental rate,are affected by the type of substrate,independent of water availability.Further study is required to determine how natural substrates influence embryo physiology independent of water content.

关键词： developmental plasticity egg incubation hydric conditions nesting behavior nest-site selection

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Maternal Thermal Effects on Female Reproduction and Hatchling Phenotype in the Chinese Skink(Plestiodon chinensis)

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Asian Herpetological Research 2018年第4期9卷 250-257页

作者： Li MA Zhihua LIN Jianfang GAO Hong LI Xiang JI Hongliang LU Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University School of Ecology Lishui University Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University

We maintained gravid Chinese skinks(Plestiodon chinensis) at three constant temperatures(25, 28 and 31 °C) during gestation, and randomly assigned eggs from each female to one of the same three temperatures for incubation to determine maternal thermal effects on female reproduction and hatchling phenotype. Maternal temperature affected egg-laying date, hatching success and hatchling linear size(snout-vent length, SVL) but not clutch size, egg size, egg component, and embryonic stage at laying. More specifically, females at higher temperatures laid eggs earlier than did those at low temperatures, eggs laid at 31 °C were less likely to hatch than those laid at 25 °C or 28 °C, and hatchlings from eggs laid at 31 °C were smaller in SVL. Our finding that maternal temperature(pre-ovipositional thermal condition) rather than incubation temperature(post-ovipositional thermal condition) affected hatching success indicated that embryos at early stages were more vulnerable to temperature than those at late stages. Our data provide an inference that moderate maternal temperatures enhance reproductive fitness in P. chinensis.

关键词： Developmental plasticity egg incubation female reproduction hatchling phenotype maternal thermal effect Plestiodon chinensis

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Effects of Constant versus Fluctuating incubation Temperatures on Hatching Success, incubation Length, and Hatchling Morphology in the Chinese Skink (Plestiodon chinensis)

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Asian Herpetological Research 2017年第4期18卷 262-268页

作者： Wen SHEN Jianchi PEI Longhui LIN Xiang JI School of Sports and Health Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 310036 Zhejiang China Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Bioteehnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu China School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 310036 Zhejiang China

We incubated eggs ofPlestiodon chinensis under five constant （24, 26, 28, 30, and 32 ℃） and one fluctuating thermal regimes to examine the effects of constant versus fluctuating incubation temperatures on hatching success, incubation length, and hatchling morphology. The duration of incubation varied considerably among the six temperature treatments, whereas hatching success did not. The mean incubation length decreased as temperature increased in a nonlinear way, and increased as the thermal variance increased. incubation temperature affected the body size （linear length and mass） and shape of hatchlings, with eggs incubated at 26, 28, and 30 ℃ producing larger and heavier hatchlings than did those incubated at 24 ℃, 32 ℃, or fluctuating temperatures. Our results showed that exposure of P. chinensis eggs to extreme temperatures for brief periods of time did not increase embryonic mortality and, in the fluctuating-temperature treatment, the thermal variance affected hatchling morphology more evidently than the thermal mean. Our results highlight the importance of the thermal variance in affecting embryonic development and hatchling morphology, and add further evidence that temperatures within the range of 26-30 ℃ are optimal for P. chinensis embryos.

关键词： Developmental plasticity egg incubation hatchling phenotype scincid lizard thermal variance thermal mean

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Differences in incubation Length and Hatchling Morphology among Five Species of Oviparous Phrynocephalus Lizards (Agamidae) from China

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Asian Herpetological Research 2013年第4期4卷 225-232页

作者： Zheng WANG Li MA Min SHAO Xiang JI College of Forest Resources and Environment Nanjing Forestry University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution School of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal University

We incubated eggs of five Phrynocephalus species （P. albolineatus, P. axillaries, P. grumgrzimailoi, P. helioscopus and P. przewalskii） at three constant temperatures （24℃, 28℃ and 32℃） to examine differences in incubation length and hatchling morphology among species and among temperature treatments. We combined data from this study with those reported previously for P. frontalis and P. versicolor to examine whether embryonic stage at laying is a causal factor for interspecific variation in incubation length, and whether the phylogenetic relationship inferred from hatchling morphology is consistent with the relationship based on mitochondrial DNA data. Mean values for incubation length differed among the five species studied herein and, in all these five species, incubation length decreased at a decreasing rate as temperature increased. In none of the five species did hatchling size （snout-vent length and body mass） and other morphological variables differ among the three temperature treatments. The seven oviparous Phrynocephalus lizards found in China differ from each other in hatchling morphology, and embryonic stage at laying is a causal factor of inter- and intra-specific variation in incubation length. The phylogenetic relationship inferred from hatchling morphology is not always consistent with the currently known relationship based on mitochondrial DNA data. Data from this study and those reported previously allow the conclusion that any Phrynocephalus species may have its unique position along the axis defined by hatchling morphology.

关键词： Agamidae Phrynocephalus lizards oviparous species egg incubation incubation length hatchling morphology

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Breeding biology of the Green-backed Tit(Parus monticolus)in southwest China

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Avian Research 2021年第4期12卷 675-681页

作者： Ping Ye Xiaogang Yao Jianli Bi Guangrong Li Wei Liang Canchao Yang Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands College of Life SciencesHainan Normal UniversityHaikou 571158China Kuanku-oshui National Nature Reserve Suiyang 563300GuizhouChina

Studies on breeding biology enable us to broaden our understanding of the evolution of life history strategies.We studied the breeding biology of the Green-backed Tit(Parus monticolus)to provide comprehensive data on nest and egg characteristics,parental behavior throughout egg laying and nestling periods,and reproductive outcome.Our study reveals adaptive behavioral patterns and reproductive strategies for P.monticolus.

关键词： Clutch size Coordination egg incubation Nestling feeding Trade-off

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Breeding ecology of the Yellow-bellied Warbler (Abroscopus superciliaris)

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Avian Research 2020年第4期11卷 484-489页

作者： Jianli Bi Yuxin Jiang Canchao Yang College of Life Sciences Hainan Normal UniversityHaikou 571158China

The life history of birds dictates their activities and is crucial to population success.However,the life history traits of only one-third of the world’s bird species have been described;the rest are poorly understood.We studied the breeding ecology of the Yellow-bellied Warbler(Abroscopus superciliaris)and documented reproductive information throughout the egg and nestling periods.The data included natural nest sites,nest components,nest size,egg laying dates and time,egg morph,egg size,clutch size,egg incubation,nestling brooding and feeding,nestling morph and growth,and reproductive outcome.This study provided particular information of breeding ecology that has not been reported before in the Yellow-bellied Warbler.

关键词： Behavioral patterns egg incubation Life history Nestling feeding Reproductive success

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Effect of incubation Temperature on the Somatic Development of the Snail-Eating Turtle Malayemys macrocephala

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Asian Herpetological Research 2013年第4期4卷 254-262页

作者： Rangsima PEWPHONG Jirarach KITANA Noppadon KITANA Department of Biology Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Center of Excellence in Biodiversity Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University

The rising average global temperature can lead to changes both in the physical and biological environments and affect the survival of organisms. Freshwater turtles are considered to be susceptible species since their development is dependent on incubation temperature. In Thailand, although several species of freshwater turtle are present, the extent of their susceptibility to temperature change is unknown due to the lack of information on their developmental patterns. This research, therefore, is aimed at examining the effects of temperature on somatic development in Malayemys macrocephala, a native species and the most common freshwater turtle in Thailand. Turtle eggs were collected from rice fields in the central part of Thailand during December 2011 to February 2012 inclusive. eggs （237-238 per condition） were incubated in microprocessor-controlled incubators at three different temperatures （26 ℃, 29℃ and 32℃） with a relative humidity in excess of 80%. Each week, until the remaining eggs hatched, eggs were randomly selected, removed and dissected to reveal the developing embryo to screen for developmental stage and any abnormalities. The incubation period （lay to hatch） was not significantly different among the three temperatures （115 ±11.3 d, 115 ±20.3 d and 109±17.8 d, respectively）, but the growth patterns, as indicated by the stages of development and carapace lengths, were significantly different. At a high temperature （32℃）, turtle embryos showed a significantly faster growth rate than at the intermediate and low temperatures （29 ℃and 26 ℃）, but had a significantly （over 3.3-fold） higher incidence of developmental abnormalities （especially deformed bodies） than at the lower temperatures. Overall, the results indicate that incubation temperature is an important variable affecting the somatic development of this tropical freshwater turtle species, whilst abnormalities in the embryonic body may be a sensitive indicator of extreme thermal stress.

关键词： abnormality egg incubation embryonic stage freshwater turtle growth

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Contributions of source population and incubation temperature to phenotypic variation of hatchling Chinese skinks

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Current Zoology 2021年第3期67卷 245-253页

作者： Hong-Liang Lu Yan-Fu Qu Hong Li Xiang Ji Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou 311121ZhejiangChina Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023JiangsuChina College of Life and Environmental Sciences Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035ZhejiangChina

Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation are viewed as the main factors that result in between-population variation in phenotypic traits,but contributions of these factors to phenotypic variation vary between traits and between species and have only been explored in a few species of reptiles.Here,we incubated eggs of the Chinese skink(Plestiodon chinensis)from 7 geographically separated populations in Southeast China at 3 constant temperatures(24,28,and 32℃)to evaluate the combined effects of dutch origin,source population,and incubation temperature on hatchling traits.The relative importance of these factors varied between traits.Nearly all examined hatchling traits,including body mass,snout-vent length(SVL),tail length,head size,limb length,tympanum diameter,and locomotor speed,varied among populations and were affected by incubation temperature.Measures for hatchling size(body mass and SVL)varied considerably among clutches.Source population explained much of the variation in hatchling body mass,whereas incubation temperature explained much of the variation in other examined traits.Our results indicate that between-population variation in hatchling traits of P.chinensis likely reflects the difference in natural incubation conditions and genetic divergence.

关键词： egg incubation hatchling phenotype incubation temperature local adaptation Plestiodon chinensis source population

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Unhatched and Hatched eggshells of the Chinese Cobra Naja atra

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Asian Herpetological Research 2014年第4期5卷 276-280页

作者： Zheng WANG Longhui LIN Xiang JI College of Biological and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Forestry University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution School of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal University

Changes in structure and composition of the eggshell resulting from embryonic mobilization of minerals from the eggshell are found in all oviparous reptiles studied thus far. In this study, we measured samples of unhatched and hatched eggshells of the Chinese cobra Naja atra to determine the percentage of ash and the phase composition of calcium carbonate. The mean percentage of ash was significantly higher in unhatched eggshells （24.6%） than in hatched eggshells （22.3%）. The dominant phase in unhatched eggshells was the calcite form of calcium carbonate. In addition to the peaks of calcite, a few small peaks were found to be caused by the aragonite and vaterite phases of calcium carbonate, implying that there are small amounts of aragonite and vaterite in the eggshell. The concentration of the various phases calculated from the intensity of the X-ray diffraction spectra allowed the estimation that percentages of calcite, aragonite and vaterite were about 92%, 4% and 4%, respectively. Hatched eggshells produced similar spectral characteristics as unhatched eggshells, with one exception. The dominant phase composition in the hatched eggshell was also calcite, but the amount of the aragonite phase had a marked increase. Our study adds evidence that embryonic mobilization of minerals from the eggshell may result in changes in structure of the eggshell.

关键词： Elapidae Naja atra eggshell structure egg incubation X-ray diffraction spectra minerals

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External Morphology and Ultrastructure of Tegumental Glands of Aegla platensis(Crustacea,Anomura,Aeglidae)Pleopods:Might They Play A Role in egg Attachment?

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Research in Ecology 2019年第2期1卷 1-7页

作者： TainãGonçalves Loureiro Mauricio Pereira Almerão Maria Cristina Faccioni-Heuser Georgina Bond-Buckup Paula Beatriz de Araujo Marine Lab Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa UNILASALLE CanoasBrazil Department of Morphological Sciences Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil Laboratory of Carcinology Department of ZoologyFederal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil

egg incubation on the female abdomen is the parental care behavior observed in aeglids,in which eggs are kept adhered to maternal pleopods and maintained,cleaned and aerated.In A.platensis,egg attachment occurs with the aid of pleopodal setae,which are twisted around their axis in the distal region,forming the funiculus,and pleopodal glands,which are responsible for the production of the adhesive substance that seems to be involved in egg fixation to pleopodal setae.Those glands are acini formed by secretory cells arranged concentrically around a central duct,giving them a rosette appearance.Two types of secretory cells were observed,those that produce electron-lucid vesicles and those having electron-dense ones.Both kinds of vesicles are released in a duct whose opening pore is located on the pleopodal surface and constitute the adhesive substance that coats eggs and pleopodal setae,ensuring egg fixation to the female body and maternal care maintenance.This study investigates the internal and external morphology of Aegla platensis pleopods,to understand the egg attachment process and identify the structures involved in this phenomenon.Three microscopy techniques are used:scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and optical microscopy(OM).

关键词： egg incubation Pleopodal setae Funiculus Electron microscopy Optical microscopy

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