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A robust new metric of phenotypic distance to estimate and compare multiple trait differences among populations

Current Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 426-439页

作者： Rebecca SAFRAN Samuel FLAXMAN Michael KOPP Darren E. IRWIN Derek BRIGGS Matthew R. EVANS W. Chris FUNK David A. GRAY Eileen A. HEBETS Nathalie SEDDON Elizabeth SCORDATO Laurel B. SYMES Joseph A. TOBIAS David P. L. TOEWS J. Albert C. UY Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. Mathematics and B iosciences Group Faculty of Mathematics University of Vienna A-1090 Vienna Austria Current address Evolutionary Biology and Modeling Group Faculty of Sciences Aix-Marseille University 13331 Marseille France. Department of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4. Research ＆ Evaluation Methodology School of Education University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A. Department of Biology California State University Northridge CA 91330 U.S.A. School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588 U.S.A. Edward Grey Institute Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK Committee on Evolutionary Biology The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637U.S.A. Department of Biology Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 U.S.A. Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables FL 33146 U.S.A.

Whereas a rich literature exists for estimating population genetic divergence, metrics of phenotypic trait divergence are lacking, particularly for comparing multiple traits among three or more populations. Here, we review and analyze via simula- tion Hedges＇ g, a widely used parametric estimate of effect size. Our analyses indicate that g is sensitive to a combination of unequal trait variances and unequal sample sizes among populations and to changes in the scale of measurement. We then go on to derive and explain a new, non-parametric distance measure, ＇Aft＇, which is caiculated based upon a joint cumulative distribution function （CDF） from all populations under study. More precisely, distances are measured in terms of the percentiles in this CDF at which each population＇s median lies. Ap combines many desirable features of other distance metrics into a single metric; namely, compared to other metrics, p is relatively insensitive to unequal variances and sample sizes among the populations sam- pied. Furthermore, a key feature of Ap--and our main motivation for developing it--is that it easily accommodates simultaneous comparisons of any number of traits across any number of populations. To exemplify its utility, we employ Ap to address a ques- tion related to the role of sexual selection in speciation： are sexual signals more divergent than ecological traits in closely related taxa？ Using traits of known function in closely related populations, we show that traits predictive of reproductive performance are indeed, more divergent and more sexually dimorphic than traits related to ecological adaptation [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 426-439 2012].

关键词： effect size Phenotype divergence Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Speciation

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An Examination of ENSO’s effect on the Monthly and Seasonal Climate of Hong Kong from a Statistical Perspective

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2011年第1期25卷 34-50页

作者：李细明郑逸樑 Hong Kong Observatory 134A Nathan Road Tsim Sha Tsui Kowloon Hong Kong

This study aims to examine the effect of El Nino and La Nina on the monthly and seasonal climate of Hong Kong against the ENSO-neutral situation from a statistical perspective. Monthly and seasonal temperature and rainfall of Hong Kong and monthly number of tropical cyclones （TCs） coming within 500 km of the city over the 59-yr （1950–2008） period are examined under three ENSO situations, namely El Nino, La Nina, and ENSO-neutral. It is found that, compared with the ENSO-neutral situation, El Nino tends to be associated with wetter winter （December–February） and spring （March–May） while La Nina tends to be associated with cooler autumn （September–November） and winter. El Nino tends to be associated with a later start of the tropical cyclone season of Hong Kong while La Nina tends to be associated with more TCs coming within 500 km of Hong Kong in August–October. It is also found that, for April and June–December, although the monthly number of TCs coming within 500 km of Hong Kong during El Nino is generally lower than that under the ENSO-neutral situation, the difference is not statistically significant based on the current data sample size.

关键词： ENSO statistical power analysis effect size

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Factors affecting the quality of life of patients after gastrectomy as assessed using the newly developed PGSAS-45 scale: A nationwide multi-institutional study

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第40期22卷 8978-8990页

作者： Koji Nakada Masazumi Takahashi Masami Ikeda Shinichi Kinami Masashi Yoshida Yoshikazu Uenosono Yoshiyuki Kawashima Sayumi Nakao Atsushi Oshio Yoshimi Suzukamo Masanori Terashima Yasuhiro Kodera Department of Laboratory Medicine Daisan Hospital Jikei University School of MedicineTokyo 201-8601Japan Division of Gastroenterological Surgery Yokohama Municipal Citizen’s HospitalYokohama 240-8555Japan Department of Surgery Asama General HospitalSaku 085-0022Japan Department of Surgical Oncology Kanazawa Medical SchoolKanazawa 920-0293Japan Department of Surgery International University of Health and Welfare HospitalTochigi 329-2763Japan Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid SurgeryKagoshima University Graduate School of MedicineKagoshima 890-8620Japan Division of Gastroenterological Surgery Saitama Cancer CenterSaitanna 362-0806Japan Department of Surgery 2 Tokyo Women’s Medical UniversityTokyo 162-8666Japan Faculty of Letters Arts and SciencesWaseda UniversityTokyo 169-8050Japan Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai 980-8575Japan Division of Gastric Surgery Shizuoka Cancer CenterShizuoka 411-8777Japan Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagaya 466-8550Japan

AIM To identify certain clinical factors other than the type of gastrectomy which affect the postoperative quality of life(QOL) of patients after *** The postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale(PGSAS)-45 was designed to assess the severity of symptoms, the living status and the QOL of gastrectomized patients. It consists of 45 items, of which 22 are original items while 23 were retrieved from the SF-8 and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale questionnaires with permission. A nationwide surveillance study to validate PGSAS was conducted and 2368 gastric cancer patients who underwent various types of gastrectomy at 52 medical institutions were enrolled. Of these, 1777 patients who underwent total gastrectomy(TG) reconstructed with Roux-Y(n = 393), distal gastrectomy(DG) reconstructed with Billroth-I(n = 909), or DG reconstructed with Roux-Y(n = 475) were evaluated in the current study. The influence of the type of gastrectomy and other clinical factors such as age, sex, duration after surgery, the symptom severity, the degree of weight loss, dietary intake, and the ability for working on the postoperative QOL(i.e., dissatisfaction for daily life subscale, physical component summary and mental component summary of the SF-8) were examined by multiple regression analysis(MRA). In addition, importance of various symptoms such as esophageal reflux, abdominal pain, meal-related distress, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation and dumping on the postoperative living status and QOL were also appraised by *** The postoperative QOL were significantly deteriorated in patients who underwent TG compared to those after DG. However, the extent of gastrectomy was not an influential factor on patients' QOL when adjusted by the MRA. Among various clinical factors, the symptom severity, ability for working, and necessity for additional meals were the most influential factorsto the postoperative QOL. As for the individual symptoms, meal-related distress, dumping,

关键词： Postgastrectomy syndrome Quality of life Patient-reported outcome effect size Gastrectomy

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effects of feature selection on lane-change maneuver recognition:an analysis of naturalistic driving data

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Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles 2018年第3期1卷 85-98页

作者： Xiaohan Li Wenshuo Wang Zhang Zhang Matthias Rötting Chair of Human-Machine-Systems Technishe Universität BerlinBerlinGermany Department of Mechanical Engineering Carnegie Mellon UniversityPAUSA

Purpose–Feature selection is crucial for machine learning to recognize lane-change(LC)maneuver as there exist a large number of feature *** using feature could take up large storage and excessive computation time,while insufficient feature selection would cause poor *** high contributive features to classify LC and lane-keep behavior is effective for maneuver *** paper aims to propose a feature selection method from a statistical view based on an analysis from naturalistic driving ***/methodology/approach–In total,1,375 LC cases are *** comprehensively select features,the authors extract the feature candidates from both time and frequency domains with various LC scenarios segmented by an occupancy schedule *** the effect size(Cohen’s d)and p-value of every feature are computed to assess their contribution for each ***–It has been found that the common lateral features,*** rate,lateral acceleration and time-to-lane crossing,are not strong features for recognition of LC maneuver as empirical ***,cross-validation tests are conducted to evaluate model performance using metrics of receiver operating *** results show that the selected features can achieve better recognition performance than using all the features without ***/value–In this paper,the authors investigate the contributions of each feature from the perspective of statistics based on big naturalistic driving *** aim is to comprehensively figure out different types of features in LC maneuvers and select the most contributive features over various LC scenarios.

关键词： Feature selection Machine learning effect size Lane-change maneuvers Naturalistic driving data

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Temporal trends of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in the influent of two of the largest wastewater treatment plants in Australia

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Emerging Contaminants 2019年第1期5卷 211-218页

作者： Hue T.Nguyen Sarit L.Kaserzon Phong K.Thai Soumini Vijayasarathy Jennifer Bräunig Nicholas D.Crosbie Anders Bignert Jochen F.Mueller Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences(QAEHS) The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4102Australia Melbourne Water Corporation DocklandsVIC3001Australia Swedish Museum of Natural History Box 5000710405StockholmSweden Faculty of Environment University of ScienceVietnam National UniversityHo Chi Minh CityViet nam

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)are found ubiquitously in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)due to their multiple sources in industry and consumer *** Australia,limited spatial data are available on PFAS levels inWWTPs influent,while no temporal data have been *** aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and temporal trend of PFAS in the influent of two large WWTPs in Australia(WWTP A and B)over a four-year *** influent samples were collected over one week at different seasons from 2014 to *** perfluoroalkyl acids(PFAA)(*** perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)and four perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids(PFSA))were detected with mean S11PFAA concentrations of 57±3.3e94±17 ng/L at WWTP A,and 31±6.1e142±73 ng/L at WWTP *** highest mean concentrations were observed for perfluorohexanoate(PFHxA)(20±2 ng/L)in WWTP A,and perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)(17±13 ng/L)in WWTP *** precursor 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate was detected over five sampling periods from Aug 2016 to Oct 2017,with mean concentrations of 37±18e138±51 ng/L for WWTP A and 8.8±4.5e29±5.1 ng/L for WWTP *** concentration of 6:2 FTS(1.8e11 folds)than those of PFOA and PFOS in WWTP A indicate a likely substitution of C8 PFAA by fluorotelomer-based PFAS in this *** trends(annual and seasonal)in per-capita mass load were observed for some PFAA,increasing for PFPeA,PFHxA,PFHpA,PFNA,and PFHxS,while decreasing for PFBS and PFOS in either ***,elevated levels of PFOS in October 2017 were observed at both WWTPs with the highest per capita mass load of up to 67 mg/day/*** some PFAS release trends,longer sampling periods would be required to achieve acceptable statistical power.

关键词： Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS) 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate(6:2 FTS) Temporal trends Wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) Influent Power effect size

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A sea change in statistics:A reconsideration of what is important in the age of big data

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Journal of Management Analytics 2014年第4期1卷 241-248页

作者： Wenbo Guo Detmar Straub Pengzhu Zhang Antai College of Economics and Management Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200052China J.Mack Robinson College of Business Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGA 30303USA

The development of information technology(IT)in the last decade has ushered us into the‘big data’*** sampling error has been of high interest in such studies over the last century,extremely large datasets will virtually rule out the possibility that statistics generated from samples are not also true of the *** critical discussion must move on to how much the exogenous and endogenous variables explain ultimate *** stress will have to move from generalizability to explanatory *** examining the three common statistical tests–the T-value,the F-value and the beta coefficient(or‘b’in the sample)–this paper aims to show how important effect size analysis is with the trend toward larger and larger samples and big *** the end,the paper points out the gap of what the acceptable ranges of effects that appears in our sundry scientific literatures *** call for studies in this regard so that social sciences can move forward and strengthen weak theory bases,and recognize strong theories when they do appear.

关键词： p-value effect size sample size big data

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Everything You Wanted to Know but Could Never Find from the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test

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Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing 2023年第3期11卷 310-339页

作者： José Moral de la Rubia Adrián Valle de la O School of Psychology Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Nuevo León Monterrey Mexico School of Medicine and Health Science Tecnológico de Monterrey Monterrey Mexico

The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test, developed in the 1950s, is a classic in health research, especially in epidemiology and other fields in which dichotomous and polytomous variables are frequent. This nonparametric test makes it possible to measure and check the effect of an antecedent variable X on a health outcome Y, statistically controlling the effect of a third variable Z that acts as a confounding variable in the relationship between X and Y. Both X and Y are measured on a dichotomous qualitative scale and Z on a polytomous-qualitative or ordinal scale. It is assumed that the effect of X on Y is homogeneous between the k strata of Z, which is usually tested by the Breslow-Day test with the Tarone’s correction or the Woolf’s test. The main statistical programs have the CMH test together with a test to verify the assumption of a homogeneous effect across the strata, so that it is easy to apply. However, its fundamentals and details of calculations are a mystery to most researchers, and even difficult to find or understand. The aim of this article is to present these details in a clear and concise way, including the assumptions and alternatives to non-compliance. This technical knowledge is applied to a simulated realistic example of the area of epidemiology in health and, finally, an interpretive synthesis of the analyses is given. In addition, some suggestions for the test report are made.

关键词： Odds Ratio effect size Statistical Control Qualitative Variables Nonparametric Statistics

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STATISTICAL AND REPORTING ERRORS IN APPLIED BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH

STATISTICAL AND REPORTING ERRORS IN APPLIED BIOMECHANICS RES...

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第23届国际运动生物力学学术年会

作者： Duane Knudson California State University-Chico

Applied biomechanics research reports in the 2004 volumes of the ISBS Proceedings（n=94） and the Journal of Applied Biomechanics（n = 11） were analyzed for statistical *** was no significant difference in the distribution of ratings of quality based on statistical *** percentages of various statistical errors in reporting data were also quite *** sources of applied biomechanics research had unacceptably large percentages of papers with errors in reporting statistical testing and results that limit readers’ ability to interpret the *** need to be made in the reporting and peer review of applied biomechanics papers in ISBS Proceedings in order to achieve the mission of ISBS.

关键词： type I error sampling reliability effect size

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心理学研究中的中介效应分析意义及方法评述

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心理学 2014年第11期 578-583页

作者：杜岸政古纯文丁桂凤

中介效应分析有助于揭示心理现象间复杂的间接关系，也有助于间接分析横断研究中变量间的因果关系。常用的中介效应分析方法有依次检验法、Sobel方法、区间估计法，从统计功效和适用广度来看，区间估计法中的非参数百分位Bootstrap方法... 详细信息

中介效应分析有助于揭示心理现象间复杂的间接关系，也有助于间接分析横断研究中变量间的因果关系。常用的中介效应分析方法有依次检验法、Sobel方法、区间估计法，从统计功效和适用广度来看，区间估计法中的非参数百分位Bootstrap方法最为优秀。中介效应分析不仅要探明效应是否存在，还需要计算效应量大小，效应量指数有ab/c、k[2]和R[2][,med]三种，相比较而言，R[2][,med]在衡量效应量时较为稳定。中介效应分析还处于初级阶段，更复杂中介模型的理论架构及分析方法探讨将是未来中介效应研究的趋势。

关键词：中介效应依次检验法 Sobel方法区间估计法效应量综述 mediation effect causal steps approach Sobel method Bootstrap method effect size review

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THE effectIVENESS OF A SUPPLEMENTAL INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY TO TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION IN TEACHING COLLEGE ENGLISH

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2007年第4期30卷 42-48,128页

作者：于夕真刘成志仲恺农业技术学院潍坊医学院

The present study investigated the effects of traditional instruction (TI) plus integrated technology (IT) versus TI alone on college students' achievements in a College English course. This study was conducted by using a Quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group design. College English was adopted to examine the difference between two groups (one only with TI, the other with a merger of TI and IT) whose pretest-posttest comparisons to measure achievement of the course objectives. An analysis of covariance on the posttest scores with pretest scores as the covariate showed that the TI plus IT group performed significantly better than the TI alone group with a positive effect size.

关键词： multimedia cubistic college English pedagogical innovation traditional instruction integrated technology effect size

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