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Policy and Practice Progress of Watershed eco-compensation in China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2007年第2期17卷 179-185页

作者： ZHANG Huiyuan LIU Guihuan WANG Jinnan WAN Jun Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning Beijing 100012 China

The ecological protection of the watersheds in China is being confronted with a lot of problems such as soil and water erosion, water pollution at present. Therefore watershed eco-compensation is becoming a question of common interest. Based on the analyses of the major problems and their origins in the watershed protection in China, the paper discusses the concerned policies including relative rules and laws, financial policies and water right transaction policies. Simultaneously the paper reviews the practices carried out in China, including the ecological construction project in the western China, the trans-provincial eco-compensation practice and the small watershed eco-compensation practice. According to the present situation of eco-compensation practices and the future policy requirement, this paper finally puts forward four key problems to be solved in the watershed eco-compensation of China in the future.

关键词： watershed eco-compensation ecological protection

Game strategies in government-led eco-compensation in the Xin'an River Basin from the perspective of the politics of scale

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2021年第8期31卷 1205-1221页

作者： REN Yisheng LU Lin YU Hu ZHU Daocai School of economics and Management Anhui Normal UniversityWuhu 241002AnhuiChina School of Geography and Tourism Anhui Normal UniversityWuhu 241002AnhuiChina Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CASBeijing 100101China City and County Research Center Anhui University of Finance and EconomicsBengbu 233030AnhuiChina

China's policy on ecological compensation(eco-compensation)in watershed ecosystems is of economic,social and environmental significance for China's ecological governance and protection of natural *** involves balancing the interests of regional stakeholders,coordinating the development of regional environments and establishing effective cooperation models,making it a classic topic for geographical *** study introduces the concept of institutional"stickiness"to the theory of politics of scale to analyze the features and mechanisms of the game behavior of government entities in the process of implementing watershed eco-compensation in the Xin'an River *** results show the following:government entities at various levels,including the central,provincial and municipal governments,experienced the three stages of game strategy of competition,cooperation and"coopetition";building a government community of shared interests can promote watershed eco-compensation,and"appropriate intervention"by the central government is key to achieving inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation;there was clear institutional stickiness during the transition from a"vertical"model of watershed eco-compensation to a"vertical-horizontal"model,with government entities using policy innovations and social participation to limit and reduce stickiness so as to reshape the watershed eco-compensation system;scalar jumping is the core mechanism that promoted eco-compensation in the study basin,and government entities shaped the discourse on watershed eco-compensation by redistributing powers and capital and creating informal constraints,which promoted the transformation of eco-compensation from a"strong state–weak society"structural model,to a"strong state–strong society"model in the Xin'an River *** results can provide theoretical support for the construction of inter-regional watershed eco-compensation mechanisms,provide a scientific basis for the rational evaluation and gu

关键词： eco-compensation scalar jumping institutional stickiness game strategy Xin'an River Basin

Impact of Forest eco-compensation Subsidy on Household Forest Input:Evidence from Jiangxi Province,China

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Journal of Donghua University(English Edition) 2020年第1期37卷 80-90页

作者： DU Juan HU Yaping XIE Fangting ZHU Shubin College of economics and Management Jiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang 330045China College of Computer and Information Technology Jiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang 330045China Research Center of Jiangxi Rural Development Jiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang 330045China

Larger amount of national and provincial forest eco-compensation funds in China have been distributed to farmers annually,which aims to encourage farmers input more labor and fund in daily forestry *** selected 503 household from 50 villages of 10 counties in Jiangxi Province in the *** labor and cash input responded negatively towards forest eco-compensation fund in forestry *** eco-compensation subsidy(FECS)granted to the household in the rural mountain area didn't stimulate the household labor and cash input in forestry *** implies that it is not a wise way to distribute FECS equally to the rural household,so as to promote the forestry ecological *** current forest eco-compensation policy(FECP)need modifying urgently.

关键词： forest eco-compensation subsidy(EFCS) household forestry input logit regression tobit regression policy modification

Forest eco-compensation mechanism:a survey

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ecological economy 2008年第1期4卷 115-126页

作者： Li Fen Li Wenhua Liu Moucheng School of Environment and natural resources renmin university of chinaBeijing 100872P.R.China Institute of Geographical sciences and natural resources research Chinese academy of sciencesBeijing 100101P.R.China Graduate University Chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100039P.R.China

China is a country with a vast territory and a large population but limited forest resources, which is mainly distributed in the economically less developed regions. Therefore, it is particularly important to address the issue to establish forest eco-compensation mechanism to overcome the problems of inequity between the people and promote the public incentive for forest management and conservation. The definition of eco-compensation is deeply discussed based on the literature review of national and international initiatives. According to summary and analysis of the empirical work of forest eco-compensation at international level,some significant inspirations are duaw on this paper. Based on them, this paper focuses on the forest eco-compensation mechanism of china. Firstly, integrating with the actual situation of china, the paper puts forward the policy framework of eco-compensation .The institutional framework of eco-compensation should be established among the multi-departments with different temporal and spatial scales. Secondly, the types and ranges of forest eco-compensation are further studied, that is three levels of forest eco-compensation such as micro-level, macro-level as well as media-level, and then the standards of eco-com-pensation are primarily estimated which include the three factors, namely direct expense of plantation opporiunity cost for forests protection and benefits of forest ecosystem *** the recommendation is created in terms of above research conclusions, which is provide the vital important references for government policy making in the forest eco-compensation domain.

关键词： Forest eco-compensation Mechanism Survey

Research on EU Rural eco-compensation Policy,Taking Scotland Rural Priority Scheme as an Example

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Agricultural Science & Technology 2017年第12期18卷 2644-2649,2676页

作者： run zhao li zhang jinzhong shen keqiang zhang agro-environmental protection institute ministry of agricultureTianjin 300191China tianjin tech engineering center of environmental pollution control over scaled livestock and poultry farm Tianjin 300191China school of law nankai universityTianjin 300071China

Taking Scotland Rural Priority Scheme as an example, experiences of EU rural eco-compensation policy were discussed to enlighten China. The implementing objectives and processing program of Scottish policy were respectively set forth,including 6 steps of statement of Intent, proposal, assessment, contract signing, claims and inspections, breaches and *** 3 meaningful aspects for the construction of current compensation mechanism in China were as following: keeping consistency between national and local policies to establish close connection in eco-goal and funding subsidy, setting both improved assessment procedure and scientific compensation system to promote the lasting implementation of environmental-friendly measures, making correspondent check and monitor mechanism together with breach and penalty mechanism to secure the payment execution.

关键词： Scotland Rural Priority Scheme(RPS) eco-compensation Experience and enlightenment Rural development agreement Assessment

Current Status and Future Trends for eco-compensation in China

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Journal of Resources and ecology 2015年第6期6卷 355-362页

作者：谢高地曹淑艳鲁春霞张昌顺肖玉中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所北京100101 北京石油化工学院北京102617

eco-compensation, known as payment for ecosystem services, is defined in China as an institutional arrangement for regulating the relationship of economic interests among ecological protectors, beneficiaries and destructors in order to protect ecological service function and foster harmony between people and nature with non-market and market tools including transfer payment, taxes and fees. Reasonable compensation to ecological service providers significantly contributes to the protection of ecological assets and effective supply of ecological services by adopting transfer payments or market transactions on the basis of comprehensively considering the costs of ecological protection, costs of development opportunity and ecological service values. It is helpful for implementing a strategy for main functional areas. The building of eco-compensation mechanisms is therefore highly valued as the most important institutional guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization. Existing ecocompensation mechanisms mainly fall into three categories： exchequer based transfer payment, vertical and horizontal, and market based compensation in China. The institutional framework has been primarily established, inclusive of a forest ecological benefit compensation fund system, grassland eco-compensation system and transfer payment system of national key ecological function areas. Under the framework, various areas and departments have actively explored the building of an eco-compensation system and achieved important progress for forests, grassland, wetlands, river basins and water resources, exploitation of mineral resources, oceans and national key ecological functions areas. However, the eco-compensation system dominated by vertical transfer payments is still far from perfect in China. The interest regulation pattern of ＂developer to protect and beneficiary to compensate＂has not been formed. Its role in the protection of the ecological environment has not been brought into full

关键词： eco-compensation eco-compensation system payment for ecosystem service

Standards of ecological compensation for Traditional ecoagriculture:Taking Rice-Fish System in Hani Terrace as an Example

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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第4期11卷 1049-1059页

作者： LIU Mou-cheng XIONG Yin YUAN Zheng MIN Qing-wen SUN Ye-hong Anthony M.Fuller Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Environment and Natural Resources Renmin University of China Institute of Tourism Beijing Union University

Traditional eco-agriculture provides many ecosystem services which are important for the local environment, especially in mountain areas. In order to encourage the farmers to engage in coo-agriculture, it is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for them. As the compensation standard is one of key issues in establishing eeo-compensation mechanism, this paper calculated the standard based on the farmers＇ willingness to accept （WTA） and the input-output analysis of eco-compensation. We took the traditional rice-fish eco-agriculture as the research object, conducting field surveys in Hani Terrace of Honghe County. Through the questionnaires in 2o11, we obtained the farmers＇ willingness to accept government compensation and market compensation. Then, the research evaluated the output of eco-compensation, the economic value of rice-fish paddy ecosystem services. Finally, under different market compensation standards, we compared the input and output of government compensation. The results show that, in 2011 the government should to pay farmers 7462 ***^-1·a^-1 to meet their willingness, but the output （ecological benefit） was only 7393 ***^-1·a^-1. However, whenthe rice price increases 1 yuan·kg-1 because of the limited use of chemicals in the next year, the government just has to pay farmers 4062 ***^-1·a^-1 and the surplus will be 3331 ***^-1·a^-1.

关键词： eco-compensation eco-agriculture ecosystem services Cultivation system Hani Terrace.

Surplus or deficit? Quantifying the total ecological compensation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2020年第4期30卷 621-641页

作者： YANG Wenjie GONG Qianwen ZHANG Xueyan Center for Green Development and Chinese Rural Land Research Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China School of Marxism Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CASBeijing 100101China Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy CASBeijing 100101China

The calculation of ecological compensation and boundary identification of stakeholders represent the key challenges for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in its implementation of the trans-regional ecological compensation *** administrative boundaries and spatially coordinating ecological resources helps to restructure an ecological compensation mechanism of the region based on the coordinated development of Beijing,Tianjin and *** to the estimated ecological assets in the counties of the region in 2000,2005,2010 and 2015,a quantitative model for total ecological compensation was built based on ecological assets and county-level economic ***,the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the total ecological compensation in the region were defined,and the boundaries of ecological surplus and deficit areas were *** indicate:(1)The region’s annual average ecological assets amounted to￥1379.47 billion;in terms of annual total ecological assets,Hebei ranked first(￥1123.80 billion),followed by Beijing(￥157.46 billion)and Tianjin(￥98.21 billion);and in terms of ecological assets per unit area,Beijing ranked first,Tianjin second and Hebei last.(2)Among ecosystem services,hydrological regulation and climate regulation had the highest annual average value and contributed most to the increase in ecological *** 2015,the contribution of water and soil conservation to the total ecological assets decreased to-15.66%,showing the degradation of the function played by different ecosystems.(3)The ecological surplus of the region in four periods of 2000,2005,2010 and 2015 were￥398.98 billion,￥870.37 billion,￥1254.93 billion and￥2693.94 billion respectively,basically offsetting the ecological deficit of each corresponding period,but the urgency for ecological compensation was increased.(4)The ecological surplus and deficit areas showed a great fluctuation in different time *** time span means more noticeable converg

关键词： regional eco-compensation equivalent factor surplus and deficit evaluation coordinated development Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

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我国流域生态补偿标准实践：模式与评价