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Subtropical forest macro-decomposers rapidly transfer litter carbon and nitrogen into soil mineral-associated organic matter

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第2期11卷 131-139页

作者： Guoxiang Niu Tao Liu Zhen Zhao Xuebing Zhang Huiling Guan Xiaoxiang He Xiankai Lu National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China Central South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangsha410004China Lushan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of SciencesJiujiang332900China Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650China Section of Microbial Ecology Department of BiologyLund UniversityLund22362Sweden Lutou National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Forest Ecosystem in Hunan Province Yueyang414000China

Background:Forest soils in tropical and subtropical areas store a significant amount of carbon.Recent framework to assess soil organic matter(SOM)dynamics under evolving global conditions suggest that dividing bulk SOM into particulate and mineral-associated organic matter(POM vs.MAOM)is a promising method for identifying how SOM contributes to reducing global warming.Soil macrofauna,earthworms,and millipedes have been found to play an important role in facilitating SOM processes.However,how these two co-existing macrofaunae impac the litter decomposition process and directly impact the formation of POM and MAOM remains unclear.Methods:Here,we set up a microcosm experiment,which consisted of 20 microcosms with four treatments earthworm and litter addition(E),millipedes and litter addition(M),earthworm,millipedes,and litter addition(E+M),and control(only litter addition)in five replicates.The soil and litter were sterilized prior to beginning the incubation experiment to remove any existing microbes.After incubating the samples for 42 days,the litte properties(mass,C,and N contents),soil physicochemical properties,as well as the C and N contents,and POM and MAOM^(13)C abundance in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers were measured.Finally,the relative influences o soil physicochemical and microbial properties on the distribution of C and N in the soil fractions were analyzed Results:The litter mass,C,and N associated with all four treatments significantly decreased after incubation especially under treatment E+M(litter mass:-58.8%,litter C:-57.0%,litter N:-75.1%,respectively),while earthworm biomass significantly decreased under treatment E.earthworm or millipede addition alone showed no significant effects on the organic carbon(OC)and total nitrogen(TN)content in the POM fraction,but join addition of both significantly increased OC and TN regardless of soil depth.Importantly,all three macrofauna treatments increased the OC and TN content and decreased the^(13)C abundance in the MAOM fraction.More than65%of the total v

关键词： Tropical and subtropical forest Soil organic matter fractions earthworm Millipedes Litter decomposition

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earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme:anti-tumor activity on human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo

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Chinese Medical Journal 2007年第10期120卷 898-904页

作者： CHEN Hong Shoichi Takahashi Michio Imamura Eiko Okutani ZHANG Zhi-guo Kazuaki Chayama CHEN Bao-an Department of Gastroenterology Affiliated Zhongda Hospital Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China Department of Medicine and Molecular Science Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima 734-8551 Japan Institute of Biochemistry and Immunology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China

Background The earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme （EFE） is a complex protein enzyme that is widely distributed in the earthworm＇s digestive cavity. Possessing strong protein hydrolysis activity, EFE not only has a direct effect on fibrin, but also can activate plasminogen. Its therapeutic and preventative effects on thrombosis-related disease have been confirmed clinically. Recently, there has been increased interest in the anti-tumor activity of EFE. In this study, the anti-tumor activity of EFE, isolated from Eisenia foetida, on human hepatoma cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The potential mechanisms involved were also studied. Methods In vitro experiments were performed in four human hepatoma cell lines： HLE, Huh7, PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2. After treatment with EFE in various concentrations, the inhibition of the rate of cell proliferation was measured. For the in vivo studies, tumor-bearing models xenografted with Huh7 cells were developed in nude mice, and then the mice were fed with EFE once a day for 4 weeks, and the control group received only saline. An inhibitory effect on tumor growth was observed. Also, apoptosis was observed with flow cytometric assay and fluorescent dye staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide （AO/EB）. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 （MMP-2） were detected by Western blotting assay. Results After treatment with various concentrations of EFE, the proliferation of all hepatoma cell lines was suppressed to varying degrees in vitro. The IC50 for HLE, Huh7, PLC/PCF/5 and HepG2 were 2.11, 5.87, 25.29 and 17.30 uku/ml, respectively. After administration of EFE orally for 4 weeks, the growth of tumor xenograft of Huh7 cells in nude mice was significantly inhibited in vivo. The tumor inhibitory rates in the EFE 500 uku/（kg·d） and 1000 uku/（kg·d） groups were 46.08% （compared with control group, P=0.026） and 57.52% （compared with control group, P=0.002） respectively. Meanwhile, the average weight of body, spleen or thymus did not show any remarkable differences among t

关键词： earthworm fibrinolysin liver neoplasm mice, nude apoptosis,

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Purification of a Novel Antibacterial Short Peptide in earthworm Eisenia foetida

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Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 2004年第4期36卷 297-302页

作者： Yan-Qin LIU1,2, Zhen-Jun SUN1*, Chong WANG1, Shi-Jie LI2, and Yu-Zhi LIU2 College of Resource and Environment Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China 2College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China College of Resource and Environment Science China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100094 China College of Animal Science Hebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding 071001 China

A novel antimicrobial short peptide was purified from earthworm (Eisenia foetida) by a five-step protocol including ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultrafiltration, DE-52 ion exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-10 column chromatography, and C-18 reversed-phase HPLC techniques. The purified peptide was applied to the MALDI-TOF MS to determine the molecular mass and was also subjected to TOF MS-MS analysis to determine the amino acid sequence. As a result, a novel antibacterial peptide, named OEP3121, was obtained, with the molecular mass of 510.8 Da and the sequence being “ACSAG”.

关键词： antibacterial peptide earthworm purification

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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of cDNA Encoding Fibrinolytic Enzyme-3 from earthworm Eisenia foetida

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Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 2004年第4期36卷 303-308页

作者： Guo-Qing DONG, Xiao-Ling YUAN, Ya-Jun SHAN, Zhen-Hu ZHAO, Jia-Pei CHEN, and Yu-Wen CONG* Department of Experimental Therapy of ARS, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China Department of Experimental Therapy of ARS Beijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijing 100850 China

The earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme-3 (EFE-3, GenBank accession No: AY438622), from the earthworm Eisenia foetida, is a component of earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes. In this study, cDNA encoding the EFE-3 was cloned by RT-PCR. The cDNA contained an open reading frame of 741 nucleotides, which encoded a deduced protein of 247 amino acid residues, including signal sequences. EFE-3 showed a high degree of homology to earthworm (Lumbricus rebullus) proteases F-III-1, F-III-2, and bovine trypsin. The recombinant EFE-3 was expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, and the gene encoding the native form of EFE-3 was expressed in COS-7 cells in the medium. Both the refolding product of inclusion bodies and the secreted protease could dissolve the artificial fibrin plate.

关键词： earthworm Eisenia foetida earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme cloning expression refolding

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Evaluation of genotoxicity of combined soil pollution by cadmium and phenanthrene on earthworm

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第6期18卷 1210-1215页

作者： ZHU Jiang ZHAO Zuo-yuan LU Yi-tong School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 201101 China

The DNA-damaging effects of the combined pollution of heavy metal and organic contamination on earthworms were evaluated by single cell gel electrophoresis （SCGE） assay. earthworms Eisenia andrei were exposed to single or combined test compounds in different doses of cadmium （Cd） 5, 10, 50 mg/kg and phenanthrene （Phe） 0.5, 2.5, 12.5 mg/kg with a treatment of 14 d. In SCGE assay, isolated coelomcytes and electrophoresis were employed to determine DNA damage degree after a 14-d treatment by test compounds. The results showed that there was a significant statistical difference between earthworms treated with Cd combined Phe with them treated alone with Cd or Phe. The Olive tail moment （OTM） of SCGE assay using earthworm coelomcytes appears to be a sensitive biomarker for evaluating exposure to genotoxic compounds. These tests also revealed that the interaction between Cd and Phe to DNA damaging effects was negative, and was strongly dependent on the concentration of pollution. This study corresponds to exploratory phase in order to reveal interaction effects of heavy metal and organic contamination on earthworms and then to set up more in-depth analysis to increase progressively the understanding of the genotoxicity mechanisms involved.

关键词： Cd Phe earthworm combined pollution SCGE DNA damage

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Enantioseletive bioaccumulation of tebuconazole in earthworm Eisenia fetida

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第12期24卷 2198-2204页

作者： Dingyi Yu Jianzhong Li Yanfeng Zhang Huili Wang Baoyuan Guo Lin Zheng Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China

Methods of extraction and determination of tebuconazole enantiomers in earthworm （Eisenia fetida） were developed by capillary electrophoresis （CE） and high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Both CE and HPLC have excellent resolution and recovery. The linearity ranges were 2.9-102.4 mg/kg and 3.0-99.6 mg/kg for （＋）-R-tebuconazole and （-）-S-tebuconazole respectively in CE, and from 0.56 to 1000 mg/kg for both enantiomers in HPLC. Enantioselective bioaccumulation in earthworms from soft was investigated under laboratory condition at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/kg dw in soil. The uptake kinetics of （＋）-R-tebuconazole fitted the first- order kinetics well with r2 0.97 and 0.94 under 10 and 50 mg/kg dw exposure condition, respectively, while （-）-S-tebuconazole with r2 0.75 and 0.22 did not show the same. Bioaccumulation of tebuconazole in earthworm tissues was enantioselective with a preferential accumulation of （＋）-R-tebuconazole. The （＋）-R-tebuconazole might also have biomagnifying effect potential in earthworm food chain with biota-sediment accumulation factor （BSAF） of 1.64 kg OC/kg lip in 10 mg/kg dw exposure group and 2.61 kg OC/kg lip in 50 mg/kg dw exposure group from soil to earthworm after 36 days. Although （-）-S-tebuconazole shares the same physicochemical properties with （＋）-R-tebuconazole, it did not biomaguify. BSAFs of （-）-S-tebuconazole were 0.50 kg OC/kg lip （10 mg/kg dw tebuconazole exposure） and 0.28 kg OC/kg lip （50 mg/kg dw tebuconazole exposure） after 36 days, which was possibly owing to biotransformation or metabolism in earthworm tissues.

关键词： tebuconazole earthworm bioaccumulation enanfioselectivity

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Bioinspired Segment Robot with earthworm-like Plane Locomotion

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2016年第2期13卷 292-302页

作者： Chang-Woo Song Dong-Jun Lee Seung-Yop Lee Department of Mechanical Engineering Sogang University 1 Shinsu-dong Mapo-gu Seoul 121-742 Republic of Korea

In this paper, a miniaturized segment robot using solenoids is developed to mimic the plane locomotion of earthworms. The bioinspired robot is composed of five segmented bodies, and one segment has two solenoid actuators. This robot can move linearly and it can also turn due to the pair of solenoid actuators that facilitate the earthworm-like peristaltic locomotion. We have designed a miniaturized solenoid with a permanent magnet plunger in order to increase the total electromagnetic force. A theoretical analysis is performed to predict the linear and turning motions of each segment, and the optimal profiles of input signals are obtained for fast locomotion. Experiments are then conducted to determine the linear and turning motions of the segment robot. It takes about 0.5 s for the five segments to complete one cycle of the peristaltic locomotion. In experiments, the segment robot is shown to have the linear and angular velocities of 27.2 mm·s^-1 （0.13 body-length per second） and 2 degrees per second, respectively.

关键词： bioinspired robot earthworm peristaltic locomotion solenoid segmented robot

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Pesticide soil contamination mainly affects earthworm male reproductive parameters

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2002年第3期4卷 195-199页

作者： Eduardo Bustos-Obregón RogerIziga Goicochea Biology of Reproduction Unit. Program of Morphology ICBM Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Saniiago ChileBiology of Reproduction Unit. Program of Morphology ICBM Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Saniiago Chile

Aim: To explore the effect of exposure to commercial Parathion~ (Pc) on the reproductive parameters (sperm and cocoon production and genotoxicity on male germ cells), the survival, the body weight and the gross anatomical changes in Eiseniafoetida. Methods: Three doses of Pc(1478, 739 and 444 mg/kg of soil) and three time intervals of exposure (5, 15 and 30 days) were used. Results: All treated animals were affected. An acute genotoxic effect, revealed by DNA fragmentation (comet assay), was seen by 5 days. Alterations in reproductive parameters were conspicuous in regard to the number of sperm, cocoons and worms born, and the histological observation of the gonads and seminal receptacles. In addition, the body weight and survival rate were decreased. Neuromuscular function was also affected. Conclusion: earthworms are suitable bioindicators of chemical contamination of the soil, their advantage being their easy and economical handling

关键词： earthworm reproduction soil contamination organophosphoric agropesticide

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Biotransformation of earthworm Activity on Potassium-Bearing Mineral Powder

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Journal of Earth Science 2013年第1期24卷 65-74页

作者：朱晓玲连宾杨雪刘丛强朱立军 Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geological Hazard Prevention College of Resources and Environmental Engineering Guizhou University State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences

This study analyzes the biotransformation of earthworms on K in potassium-bearing mineral powder （PBMP） under different PBMP recruitments. A mixture of PBMP （10% to 60% mass fraction） and decaying cow dung was used as feed for breeding the earthworms to study the potassium-releasing ability of earthworms on PBMP in soil. The mixture containing 20% and 30% PBMP resulted in good growth and propagation of the earthworms as well as higher conversion rates of potassium. Therefore, the optimum recruitments of mineral powder are 20% and 30%. The mixture of cow dung and PBMP was compared with the mixture of cow dung and corresponding proportions of quartz powder to analyze the conversion rate of earthworms on PBMP in different combinations. After the earthworms were raised with the mixture of cow dung and PBMP （8 ： 2 and 7 ： 3） for 30 d, the contents of rapidly available K and effective K were 10 824.3±35.9 and 11 688.4±16.1 mg.k-1 as well as 10 079.6±62.2 and 10 247.5±172.7 mg.kg-1, respectively. After the earthworms were raised with the mixture of cow dung and quartz powder （8 ： 2 and 7 ： 3） for 30 d, the contents of rapidly available K and effective K were 10 623.3±41.1 and 11 385.5±13.5 mg.kg-1 as well as 9 834.2±51.8 and 9 907.6±11.4 mg.kg-1, respectively. Thus, the contents of rapidly available K and effective K in the mixture of cow dung and PBMP were significantly higher compared with those in the mixture of cow dung and quartz powder （P〈0.05）. The increment contents of rapidly available K and effective K were 201.0 and 302.9 mg.kg1 as well as 245.4 and 339.9 mg-kg1, respectively. Therefore, earthworms can activate and trans-form K into effective K through feeding, digestion, absorption, and excretion. The results pro- vided a new idea of using earthworms to release potassium in low-grade potassium-bearing rocks and obtain the rapidly available K and effective K needed by plants.

关键词： earthworm potassium-bearing mineral powder mineral K rapidly available K effective K activation.

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Resistance reduction by bionic coupling of the earthworm lubrication function

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2010年第11期53卷 2989-2995页

作者： LI JianQiao KOU BingXue LIU GuoMin FAN WenFeng LIU LinLin Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering(Jilin University) Ministry of Education of ChinaChangchun 130022China

Based on the biological coupling theory, the resistance reduction characteristic of the surface morphology and surface wettability of the earthworm were studied in this paper. The parameters of surface dorsal pore and corrugation were extracted. According to these parameters, the lubrication mechanism of the earthworm surface was analyzed. The distribution of the pores and surface morphology were designed and the bionic coupling samples were prepared. The positive pressure, lubricant flow rate and advancing velocity were selected as the experiment factors while the soil friction resistance as observed object. According to the obtained data of bionic coupling samples from the testing system of biologic signal for tiny soil adhesion test, the optimal samples from the bionic coupling resistance reduction tests were selected through the range analysis. Compared to the normal ones, the soil resistance of bionic coupling samples was reduced by 76.8%. This is of great significance and offers bright prospects for reducing energy loss in terrain mechanics.

关键词： bionic coupling earthworm biological surface structure soil resistance reduction

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