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Are our phylomorphospace plots so terribly tangled?An investigation of disorder in data simulated under adaptive and nonadaptive models

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Current Zoology 2020年第5期66卷 565-574页

作者： C.Tristan Stayton Department of Biology Bucknell University337 Biology BuildingLewisburgPA17837USA

Contemporary methods for visualizing phenotypic evolution,such as phylomorphospaces,often reveal patter ns which depart strongly from a naive expectation of con siste ntly divergent branchi ng and ***,branches regularly crisscross as convergence,reversals,or other forms of homoplasy occur,forming patterns described as"birds'nests","flies in vials",or less elegantly,"a mess".In other words,the phenotypic tree of life often appears highly *** explanations are given for this,such as differential degrees of developmental constraint,adaptation,or lack of ***,null expectations for the magnitude of disorder or"tangling"have never been established,so it is unclear which or even whether various evolutionary factors are required to explain messy patter ns of evolution.I simulated evolution along phyloge nies under a number of varying parameters(number of taxa and number of traits)and models(Brownian motion,Ornstein-Uhlenbeck(OU)-based,early burst,and character displacement(CD) and quantified disorder using 2 *** models produce substantial amounts of *** increases with tree size and the number of phenotypic *** models produced the largest amounts of disorder-adaptive peaks influence lineages to evolve within restricted areas,with concomitant in creases in crossing of branches and density of *** early cha nges in trait values can be important in minimizing *** consistently produced trees with low(but not absent)***,neither constraints nor a lack of adaptation is required to explain messy phylomorphospaces-both stochastic and deterministic processes can act to produce the tantalizingly tangled phenotypic tree of life.

关键词： adaptation character displacement early burst optima 0U model

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