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duplication and diversification of insulin genes in ray-finned fish

Zoological Research 2019年第3期40卷 185-197页

作者： David M.Irwin Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Banting and Best Diabetes Centre University of Toronto

Insulin is a key hormone for the regulation of metabolism in vertebrates.Insulin is produced by pancreatic islet cells in response to elevated glucose levels and leads to the uptake of glucose by tissues such as liver and adipose tissue to store energy.Insulin also has additional functions in regulating development.Previous work has shown that the proglucagon gene,which encodes hormones counter regulating insulin,is duplicated in teleost fish,and that the peptide hormones encoded by these genes have diversified in function.I sought to determine whether similar processes have occurred to insulin genes in these species.Searches of fish genomes revealed an unexpected diversity of insulin genes.A triplication of the insulin gene occurred at the origin of teleost fish,however one of these three genes,insc,has been lost in most teleost fish lineages.The two other insulin genes,insa and insb,have been retained but show differing levels of selective constraint suggesting that they might have diversified in function.Intriguingly,a duplicate copy of the insa gene,which I named insab,is found in many fish.The coding sequenee encoded by insab genes is under weak selective constraint,with its predicted protein sequences losing their potential to be processed into a two-peptide hormone.However,these sequences have retained perfectly conserved cystine residues,suggesting that they maintain insulin's three-dimensional structure and therefore might modulate the processing and secretion of insulin produced by the other genes.

关键词： Insulin Teleost fish Gene duplicati on Adaptive evolution Gene loss

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Evolution of the R2R3-MYB gene family in six Rosaceae species and expression in woodland strawberry

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第12期18卷 2753-2770页

作者： LIU Hui XIONG Jin-song JIANG Yue-ting WANG Li CHENG Zong-ming(Max) College of Horticulture Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095P.R.China Department of Plant Sciences University of TennesseeKnoxville 37996USA

R2R3-MYB gene family play important roles in plants development, metabolism, and responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, 838 R2 R3-MYB genes were identified from six Rosaceae species, including 105 in woodland strawberry(Fragaria vesca), 173 in European pear(Pyrus communis), 219 in apple(Malus domestica), 121 in peach(Prunus persica), 121 in Chinese rose(Rosa chinensis), and 99 in black raspberry(Rubus occidentalis). All R2 R3-MYB genes in the six Rosaceae species were clustered into 51 species-specific duplicated clades with 109 genes and 50 lineage-specific duplicated clades with 242 genes according to phylogenetic analysis. R2 R3-MYB genes were distributed on all chromosomes in each of the six species, with a small amount of tandem duplication events. The proportion of tandem repeat genes ranged from 0 to 25.1%. The R2 R3-MYB protein was conserved in a clade and likely to share similar functions. The distribution of Ks showed the duplication times of R2 R3-MYB genes in six Rosaceae species. Furthermore, most of the R2 R3-MYB genes had Ka/Ks values less than 1, which indicated they were driven by purifying selection during the evolutionary processes. The GO term enrichment analysis revealed that R2 R3-MYB genes in strawberry and black raspberry were more divergent than in other Rosaceae species. Analysis of transcriptomes of 42 different tissues and development stages of woodland strawberry showed that high expression levels of R2 R3-MYB suggested that the R2 R3-MYB genes in strawberry played a key role in growth and development of both vegetative tissues and fruits. The strawberry R2 R3-MYB genes in sub-group of S1, S2, S11, S20, and S22 had high expression levels both in young leaves(YL) and old leaves(OL) strawberry tissues under drought treatments.

关键词： R2R3-MYB gene Rosaceae species duplicati on eve nts

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