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Building Simulation 2023年第1期16卷 51-67页

作者： Yanfeng Liu Ting Mu Xi Luo School of Building Services Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi'an 710055China State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China Xi'an 710055China

Northwest China has abundant solar energy resources and a large demand for winter heating.Using solar energy for centralized heating is a clean and effective way to solve local heating problems.While present studies usually decoupled solar heating stations and the heating network in the optimization design of centralized solar heating systems,this study developed a joint multi-objective optimization model for the equipment capacity and the diameters of the heating network pipes of a centralized solar district heating system,using minimum total life cycle cost and CO_(2)emission of the system as the optimization objectives.Three typical cities in northwest China with different solar resource conditions(Lhasa,Xining,and Xi'an)were selected as cases for analysis.According to the results,the solar heating system designed using the method proposed in this study presents lower economic cost and higher environmental protection in comparison to separately optimizing the design of the solar heating station and the heating network.Furthermore,the solar fraction of the optimal systems are 90%,70%,and 31%for Lhasa,Xining,and Xi'an,and the minimum water supply temperatures are 55℃,50℃,and 65℃for an optimal economy and 55℃,45℃,and 45℃for optimal environmental protection,respectively.It was also established that the solar collector price has a greater impact on the equipment capacity of the solar heating station than the gas boiler price.

关键词： solar energy solar energy system district heating optimization design genetic algorithm

Optimal investment analysis for heat pumps and nuclear heat in decarbonised Helsinki metropolitan district heating system

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Energy Storage and Saving 2022年第2期1卷 80-92页

作者： Esa Pursiheimo Tomi JLindroos Dennis Sundell Miika Rämä Ville Tulkki Smart Energy and Built Environment VTT Technical Research Centre of FinlanFI-02044 VTTFinland Nuclear Energy VTT Technical Research Centre of FinlandFI-02044 VTTFinland

Decarbonisation of district heating and cooling(DHC)system in Helsinki metropolitan area requires investments in new energy technologies and approaches to replace fossil fuel fired district heating(DH)production.Invest-ment paths involving(a)DH heat pumps(HPs)from low quality heat sources and(b)small modular nuclear reactors(SMR)are compared by utilising investment analysis based on optimisation model depicting the as-sumed 2030 situation.Several scenarios,with varying assumptions concerning existing DHC system,investment costs and electricity prices,are analysed in terms of new capacity and total annualised costs.The results indicate that the SMR option is more cost-efficient than the HP option with 4-8€/MWh difference in operation costs including annualised investments.Biomass fired boiler investments,enabled in both options,are preferred to HP investments in most scenarios.The cost-efficiency of HP investments is sensitive to investment cost,whereas SMR investments are relatively stable to investment cost variations.Varying electricity market prices affect cost-efficiency of large-scale HPs,and investments in SMR cogeneration units take place only with high electricity prices.

关键词： district heating Decarbonisation Heat pumps Small modular reactors Optimisation model

Seasonal thermal energy storage using natural structures:GIS-based potential assessment for northern China

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Building Simulation 2024年第4期17卷 561-574页

作者： Yichi Zhang Jianjun Xia Midea HVAC heating&Ventilation Equipment Co. LtdFoshan528311China Building Energy Research Center Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China

Seasonal thermal energy storage(STES)allows storing heat for long-term and thus promotes the shifting of waste heat resources from summer to winter to decarbonize the district heating(DH)systems.Despite being a promising solution for sustainable energy system,large-scale STES for urban regions is lacking due to the relatively high initial investment and extensive land use.To close the gap,this study assesses the potentials of using two naturally available structures for STES,namely valley and ground pit sites.Based on geographical information system(GIS)methods,the available locations are searched from digital elevation model and selected considering several criteria from land uses and construction difficulties.The costs of dams to impound the reservoir and the yielded storage capacities are then quantified to guide the choice of suitable sites.The assessment is conducted for the northern China where DH systems and significant seasonal differences of energy demand exist.In total,2,273 valley sites and 75 ground pit sites are finally identified with the energy storage capacity of 15.2 billion GJ,which is much larger than the existing DH demand in northern China.The results also prove that 682 valley sites can be achieved with a dam cost lower than 20 CNY/m^(3).By conducting sensitivity analysis on the design dam wall height and elevations,the choices of available natural structures are expanded but practical issues about water pressures and constructions are also found.Furthermore,the identified sites are geographically mapped with nearest urban regions to reveal their roles in the DH systems.In general,560 urban regions are found with potential STES units and most of them have STES storage capacities larger than their own DH demand.The novel planning methodology of this study and publicly available datasets create possibilities for the implementations of large-scale STES in urban DH systems.

关键词： seasonal thermal energy storage geographical information system district heating water reservoir

Influence of Fill Point in Multiple-Heat-Sources Looped district heating System with Distributed Variable-Speed Pumps

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Journal of Thermal Science 2020年第5期29卷 1206-1222页

作者： XU Tong YAN Jing WANG Xinlei WANG Hai ZHU Tong WANG Haiying Beijing Huajian Power Design and Research Institute Beijing 101400China School of Mechanical Enginecring Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

When regulating a pipe network according to user demand,hydraulic balance and power consumption are crucial factors for a multi-source looped-pipe network applying distributed variable-speed pumps compared to the conventional central circulating pump system.In this paper,the influence of the fill point on power consumption and hydraulic balance of the multi-source looped-pipe network was studied.A mathematical model for electricity energy consumption analysis was built and calculated for a large sized looped-pipe network with multiple heat sources and distributed variable-speed pumps.The hydraulic calculation models of each single element,such as pipe,distribution pump,valve,replenishment pump,heat source and substation,were built.A case located in Dezhou city,China was analyzed.The results showed that:the maximum power saving(39.2%)could be achieved when each heat source had its own fill point,but the heat sources would not meet their design flows;to meet the design flows of all the heat sources,only one fill point should be necessarily located near the heat source with the lowest flow rate to get the expected hydraulic stability and energy saving.

关键词： district heating central circulating pump distributed variable-speed pumps fill point energy saving

RESEARCH ON THE WATERPOWER COUPLING CHARACTER IN THE district heating SYSTEMS

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2004年第4期16卷 481-485页

作者： YUANLiang InstituteofMechanicalEngineering XinjiangUniversityUrumqi830008China

In the paper, the concept of the heating network coupling is introduced. Amathematical modal of heating network in water power is established. The coupling degree of theheating network is also calculated trough the li... 详细信息

关键词： district heating coupling degree mathematical modal in water power liquidincreasing matrix

Biomass-fuelled combined heat and power: integration in district heating and thermal-energy storage

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Clean Energy 2021年第1期5卷 44-56页

作者： Masoud Rezaei Mohammad Sameti Fuzhan Nasiri Department of Building Civil and Environmental Engineering(BCEE)Concordia UniversityMontrealQCCanada UCD Energy Institute University College DublinDublinIreland

Conventional approaches towards energy-system modelling and operation are based upon the system design and performance optimization.In system-design optimization,the thermal or mechanical characteristics of the systems providing for the heat or electricity demands were derived separately without integration with the energy source and without interaction with demand,which results in low-efficiency energy performance.This paper presents a key review on the integration of biomass-powered combined heat and power(BCHP)systems in district-heating systems as well as coupling with thermal-energy storage.In BCHP design,the appropriate sizing of the associated components as part of the district-heating system is very important to provide the optimal dispatch strategy as well as minimized cost and environmental impact while it co-operates with thermal-energy storage.Future strategies for the feasibility,evaluation and integration of biomass-powered energy systems in the context of district systems are also studied.

关键词： energy storage biomass combined heat and power(CHP) district heating mathematical programming optimization

Energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reduction opportunities in district heating source in Tianjin

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Frontiers in Energy 2012年第3期6卷 285-295页

作者： Gaofeng CHEN Xuejing ZHENG Lin CONG School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

Building a trading market can promote energy conservation provided that the trading method is deter- mined. Energy consumption for heat supply is huge. Tianjin Municipal Government is planning to establish an energy efficiency trading platform for district heating taking into consideration the experience in carbon trading market and specific situation in Tianjin. This paper presented an in-depth analysis of the district heating industry in Tianjin municipality, and identified the potentials of energy saving and carbon dioxide emissions reduction. Since energy efficiency was closely related to different heating source technologies, baselines were determined for boiler plants and thermal power plants respectively. Three scenarios were discussed for baseline determination. 472 boiler plants were surveyed and operational data relating to energy consumption were collected. Through data analysis, 27 boiler plants which have reasonable recorded energy consumption values were chosen as samples. By analyzing the dataset and referring to the related standards, method of determining the baseline for district heating carbon market was established. Finxally, the baseline for boiler plant was determined to be 52.0 kgce/GJ, and that for thermal power plant was 43.0 kgce/GJ in 2011. Carbon abatement against the baselines above was calculated and considerable carbon dioxide emissions reduction could be achieved.

关键词： district heating energy efficiency baseline,carbon abatement

Improving heat energy measurement in district heating substationsusing an adaptive algorithm

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Improving heat energy measurement in district heating substa...

CARBON CREDITS FROM GEOTHERMAL district heating IN CHINA

The 12～(th) International Conference on Flow Measurement

作者： Yassin Jomni Jan van Deventer Jerker Delsing EISLAB CSEELule University of TechnologyLule Sweden EISLAB CSEELule University of TechnologyLule Sweden EISLAB CSEELule University of TechnologyLule Sweden

＜正＞ Heat measurement errors cause revenue discrepancies in the district heating industry Some of these errors are static and can be estimated using standard error analysis, but the largest error source is the dynamic load such systems are subject to, as in the case of warm water tapping. The frequency at which heat meters estimate and update the energy is either constant or depends on the flow rate. The heat meter power consumption is basically proportional to their estimation frequency Since the heat meters most often are battery powered this is a sever limiting factor to the introduction of heat metering improvements in the industry. Heat meters with a flow rate dependent estimation frequency are usually based on volume-flow meters. They arc widely used in district heating due to their lower estimation frequency which prolongs their battery life Such meters are clearly inaccurate especially at low flow rates.An adaptive algorithm that adjusts its estimation frequency depending on the flow rate, is presented in this paper. This algorithm reduces the heat measurement error due to the dynamics of the system while keeping the battery life relatively long. The adaptive algorithm has been implemented and tested against traditional heat meters in a Simulink model of a district heating substation.

关键词： district heating heat meter sensors measurement heat.

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CARBON CREDITS FROM GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING IN CHINA

A rapid-assessment model on the potential of district energy:The case of Temuco in Chile

李四光倡导中国地热能开发利用40周年纪念大会暨中国地热...

作者： Caixia Sun Shaanxi Green Energy Geothermal Development Co.,Ltd

The Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) established under the guiding principles of the Kyoto Protocol has encouraged organizations in developed nations to fund geothermal projects in developing nations.The CDM can in that way promote and/or accelerate the development of geothermal energy utilization in developing countries.As a result CDM is becoming a very powerful incentive for geothermal projects. At last,the geothermal industry can participate in CDM on a full power.The environment that the CDM has created,the ability to sell carbon credits,is an important additional revenue stream contributing to the development of commercial scale geothermal projects and makes a number of geothermal projects attractive that have hitherto been uneconomic.Since premier Wen Jiabao committed carbon reduction on Copenhagen Climate Change Conference,the whole country is making great efforts on promoting development of carbon emission reduction. In the meantime,as a developing country,we have the opportunity to get carbon credits from Clean Development Mechanism(CDM),which is a mechanism in the Kyoto protocol to ensure development of greenhouse gas(GHG) emission reducing projects in developing countries.The objective of CDM is to contribute to a sustainable development in developing countries and ensure that GHG emission reductions take place at the lowest possible cost.Besides,There are two other mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol,which are Emission Trading and Joint Implementation for Annex I countries with mandatory carbon reduction target. The first project of the company was the construction of a geothermal district heating system in the city of Xianyang in Shaanxi Province,China.The geothermal heating system is replacing coal burning facilities,thereby significandy reducing emission in the community.The approval of the CDM methodology AM0072,Fossil Fuel Displacement by Geothermal Resources for Space heating,will give the district heating project in Xianyang a new economy,which will enable a further expansion of the project. SGE

关键词： CDM Geothermal Development Carbon Credits district heating CER

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Energy and Built Environment

Energy and Built Environment 2023年第3期4卷 328-340页

作者： Clara Camarasa Santiago Martinez Santaclara Trupti Yargattimath Pilar Lapuente Fuentes Carolina RiobóPezoa Juan Pablo Berríos Celia Martinez Juez Zhuolun Chen UNEP-DTU Partnership CopenhagenDenmark United Nations Environment Program France Ministerio de Energía SantiagoChile Agencia de Sostenibilidad Energética SantiagoChile

district energy systems(DES)offer an optimal solution for decarbonising the heating and cooling sector while attaining multiple additional benefits.The first step to analyse the potential of DES in both new and existing markets is through rapid assessments(RA).Currently,publicly available models lack rapid assessments of the technical-economic and environmental potential of DES.This RA model was developed within the framework of UNEP’s district Energy in Cities Initiative to identify DES’s potential spending low time and monetary resources.In this light,the study presents a model for conducting a rapid assessment applied to the case of Temuco,Chile.Results show that a total of 55 MW DH(district heating)capacity is required to cover the heating demand.A wood-chip boiler of 25 MW capacity and a gas boiler of 30 MW capacity are considered in the calculations.The total CAPEX of the project is around 25 billion CLP,with a NPV of 10.5 billion CLP and an IRR of 14%.The project is also estimated to achieve an annual reduction of 24,382 tons of PM10 and 23,692 tons of PM2.5.The model was validated against an independent study conducted by an international consulting company,and the results were found to be in close proximity with the study.Thus,the model can be an effective tool for performing rapid assessments of DES projects in the region and subjecting attractive projects to more detailed pre-feasibility analysis.

关键词： district heating district energy system Rapid assessment Sustainable energy Chile