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Mathematical Model of Seed dispersal by Frugivorous Birds and Migration Potential of Pinyon and Juniper in Utah

Applied Mathematics 2015年第9期6卷 1506-1523页

作者： Ram C. Neupane James A. Powell Department of Mathematics and Statistics Utah State University Logan USA Department of Biology Utah State University Logan USA

Seed dispersal of juniper and pinyon is a process in which frugivorous birds play an important role. Birds either consume and digest seeds or carry and cache them at some distance from the source tree. These transported and settled seeds can be described by a dispersal kernel, which captures the probability that the seed will move a certain distance by the end of the process. To model active seed dispersal of this nature, we introduce handling time probabilities into the dispersal model to generate a seed digestion kernel. In the limit of no variability in handling time the seed digestion kernel is Gaussian, whereas for uniform variability in handling time the kernel approaches a Laplace distribution. This allows us to standardize spatial movement (diffusion) and handling time (peak settling rate) parameters for all three distributions and compare. Analysis of the tails indicates that the seed digestion kernel decays at a rate intermediate between Gaussian and Laplace seed kernels. Using this seed digestion kernel, we create an invasion model to estimate the speed at which juniper and pinyon forest boundaries move. We find that the speed of seed invasion corresponding to the digestion kernel was faster than seeds resulting from Laplace and Gaussian kernels for more rapidly digested seeds. For longer handling times the speeds are bounded between the Laplace (faster) and Gaussian (slower) speeds. Using parameter values from the literature we evaluate the migration potential of pinyon and juniper, finding that pinyon may be able to migrate up to two orders of magnitude more rapidly, consistent with observations of pine migration during the Holocene.

关键词： dispersal Kernel Invasion Speed Seed Handling Time Pinus monophylla Juniperus osteosperma

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The ecology of predispersal insect herbivory on tree reproductive structures in natural forest ecosystems

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Insect Science 2019年第2期26卷 182-198页

作者： Thomas Boivir Violette Doublet Jean-Noel Candau Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre Sault Ste Marie Ontario Canada URFM INRA Avignon FranceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre Sault Ste Marie Ontario Canada

Plant-insect interactions are key model systems to assess how some species affect the distribution, the abundance, and the evolution of others. Tree reproductive structures represent a critical resource for many insect species, which can be likely drivers of demography, spatial distribution, and trait diversification of plants. In this review, we present the ecological implications of predispersal herbivory on tree reproductive structures by insects (PIHR) in forest ecosystems. Both insect's and tree's perspectives are addressed with an emphasis on how spatiotemporal variation and unpredictability in seed availability can shape such particular plant-animal interactions. Reproductive structure insects show strong trophic specialization and guild diversification. Insects evolved host selection and spatiotemporal dispersal strategies in response to variable and unpredictable abundance of reproductive structures in both space and time. If PIHR patterns have been well documented in numerous systems, evidences of the subsequent demographic and evolutionary impacts on tree populations are still constrained by time-scale challenges of experimenting on such long-lived organisms, and modeling approaches of tree dynamics rarely consider PIHR when including biotic interactions in their processes. We suggest that spatially explicit and mechanistic approaches of the interactions between individual tree fecundity and in sect dynamics will clarify predictions of the demogenetic implications of PIHR in tree populations. In a global change context, further experimental and theoretical contributions to the likelihood of life-cycle disruptions between plants and their specialized herbivores, and to how these changes may gen erate novel dynamic patterns in each partner of the interaction are increasingly critical.

关键词： diapause dispersal forest dynamics masting predispersal seed predation plant-insect interactions

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Nutritional stress reduces flight performance and exploratory behavior in a butterfly

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Insect Science 2019年第5期26卷 897-910页

作者： Elisabeth Reim Danny Eichhorn Jan D.Roy Philip O.M.Steinhoff Klaus Fischer Zoological Institute and Museum Greifswald UniversityGreifswaldGermany

Anthropogenic global change, including agricultural intensification and climate change, poses a substantial challenge to many herbivores due to a reduced availability of feeding resources. The concomitant food stress is expected to detrimentally affect performance, amongst others in dispersal-related traits. Thus, while dispersal is of utmost importance to escape from deteriorating habitat conditions, such conditions may negatively feedback on the ability to do so. Therefore, we here investigate the impact of larval and adult food stress on traits related to dispersal ability, including morphology, physiology, flight performance, and exploratory behavior, in a butterfly. We show that inadequate nutrition during development and in the adult stage dim inishes flight performance, despite som e reallocation of somatic resources. Detrimental effects of food stress on flight performance were mainly caused by reductions in body mass and storage reserves. Similar results were found for exploratory behavior. Furthermore, exploratory behavior was found to be (moderately) repeatable at the individual level, which might indicate the existence of a personality trait. This notion is further supported by the fact that flight performance and exploratory behavior were positively correlated, potentially suggesting the existence of a dispersal syndrome. In summary, our findings may have important implications for dispersal in natural environments, as the conditions requiring dispersal the m ost impair flight ability and thereby likely dispersal rates.

关键词： condition dispersal syndrome flight ability food stress habitat degradation resource allocation

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HOARDING BEHAVIOR OF EURASIAN NUTCRACKER ANDITS ROLE IN THE dispersal OF KOREAN PINE

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Journal of Northeast Forestry University 1996年第3期7卷 37-39页

作者：鲁长虎孙跃岐 Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 P. R. China

The studiy was carried out in Autunm from 1993 to 1995 in Liangshui Natural Reserve in NE China. After eating some seeds, Nuterackers fly over 1 km or more to some area with seeds in its sublingual pouch and cache the seeds in the ground for future use. Each cache contains 1-7 seeds commonly. Caching habitats are in accord with seedlings sites. The quantities of caching seeds are very large. Caching depth is adaptable for seed germination. The Eurasian Nutcrackers have an important effect on seeds dispersal of Korean pine.

关键词： Eurasian Nuteracker Hoarding behavior dispersal Korean pine

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Dispersing male Parnassius smintheus butterflies are more strongly affected by forest matrix than are females

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Insect Science 2019年第5期26卷 932-944页

作者： Jennifer Goff Catherine Yerke Nusha Keyghobadi Stephen F.Matter Department of Biological Sciences University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA Department of Biology Western UniversityLondonONCanada Department of Biological Sciences University of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada

dispersal is a central aspect of the ecology, evolution, and conservation of species. Predicting how species will respond to changing environmental conditions requires understanding factors that produce variation in dispersal. We explore one source of variation, differences between sexes within a spatial population network. Here, we compare the dispersal patterns of male and female Parnassius smintheus among 18 subpopulations over 8 years using the Virtual Migration Model. Estimated dispersal parameters differed between males and females, particularly with respect to movement through meadow and forest matrix habitat. The estimated dispersal distances of males through forest were much less than for females. Observations of female movement showed that, unlike males, females do not avoid forest nor does forest exert an edge effect. We explored whether further forest encroachment in this system would have different effects for males and females by fitting mean parameter estimates to the landscape configuration seen in 1993 and 2012. Despite differences in their dispersal due presumably to both habitat and physiological differences, males and females are predicted to respond in similar ways to reduced meadow area and increased forest isolation.

关键词： dispersal edge effect emigration fragmentation immigration metapopulation

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Bachelor groups in primate multilevel society facilitate gene flow across fragmented habitats

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Current Zoology 2020年第2期66卷 113-122页

作者： Yu-Li Li Lu Wang Jin-Wei Wu Xin-Ping YE Paul AG arber Ying Yan Jia-Hui Liu Bao-Guo Li Xiao-Guang Qi Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation College of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'an710069China College of Life Science Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China Anthropology Department University of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA Centerfor Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of ScienceKumming650223China

In the face of ongoing habitat fragmentation,many primate species have experienced reduced gene flow resulting in a reduction of genetic diversity,population bottlenecks,and inbreeding depression,including golden snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana.Golden snub-nosed monkeys live in a multilevel society composed of several 1 male harem units that aggregate to form a cohesive breeding band,which is followed by one or more bachelor groups composed of juvenile,subadult,and adult male members.In this research,we examine the continuous landscape resistance surface,the genetic diversity and patterns of gene flow among 4 isolated breeding bands and 1 all-male band in the Qinling Mountains,China.Landscape surface modeling suggested that human activities and ecological factors severely limit the movement of individuals among breeding bands.Although these conditions are expected to result in reduced gene flow,reduced genetic diversity,and an increased opportunity for a genetic bottleneck,based on population genetic analyses of 13 microsatellite loci from 188 individuals inhabiting 4 isolated breeding bands and 1 all-male band,we found high levels of genetic diversity but low levels of genetic divergence,as well as high rates of gene flow between males residing in the all-male band and each of the 4 breeding bands.Our results indicate that the movement of bachelor males across the landscape,along with their association with several different breeding bands,appears to provide a mechanism for promoting gene flows and maintaining genetic diversity that may counteract the otherwise isolating effects of habitat fragmentation.

关键词： gene flow male dispersal multilevel society Rhinopithecus roxellana social organization

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Change in reproductive and dispersal traits in the water strider, <i>Aquarius paludum</i>(Fabricius) and global warming

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Natural Science 2013年第1期5卷 156-162页

作者： Tetsuo Harada Takashi Shiraki Shiho Takenaka Takero Sekimoto Kentaro Emi Tomoya Furutani Laboratory of Environmental Physiology Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Kochi University Kochi Japan Laboratory of Environmental Physiology Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Kochi University Kochi Japan

This study aims to examine the following three hypotheses on the impact of global warming on the populations of the water strider, Aquarius paludum in the Kochi-Nankoku area (33。30'N) of Kochi prefecture, Japan through the recent data collected in 2009-2011. 1) Has the generation number increased? 2) Has aestivation appeared in adults? 3) Have overwintering adults stopped dispersing between the water surface and overwintering lands-sites far away from water and, instead, overwintered on/near the shore? Sampling data showed that the number of generations may have increased from three (1989-2002 strains) and four (2004-2008) to five (2009-2011) per year in Kochi (33。N). The ratio of adults having well developed flight muscles decreased from 45% in 1995 to 24% - 28% in 2009-2011 inoverwintering adults collected from the field in fall likely as a result of histolysis. “Mosaic-typed” wing morph group with long fore-wings and short hind-wings newly appeared in 2009-2011 in the Kochi-Nankoku overwintering populations. The mosaic-typed wings group cannot fly and the black and long fore wings might function as absorbing apparatus of sun-lights in the daytime of winter. Some overwintering adults seem to stop migrating between water bodies and overwintering sites on land far from the water bodies and overwinter, instead, near the shore. The use of Aquarius paludum as a biological indicator would be possible in the future, because this species can respond and change their reproductive and dispersal characteristics to the global change.

关键词： Adult Diapause Aestivation dispersal Long Fore-Wing and Short Hind-Wing

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Group dynamics and relocation decisions of a trap-building predator are differentially affected by biotic and abiotic factors

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Current Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 647-655页

作者： Noa KATZ Roni SHAVIT Jonathan N. PRUITT Inon SCHARF Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9610 USA

Most habitats in nature are heterogeneous, incorporating favorable and unfavorable microhabitats for different animals, based on their ecological niche. Unsuitable microhabitats have negative consequences for individual growth and survival. Animals, therefore, should fine-tune their location within the habitat by dispersing away from such microhabitats. We studied the suitability of different constant microhabitat conditions for wormlion larvae, a trap-building predator, tested in groups under laboratory conditions. Wormlions construct pit-traps in loose soil and capture small arthropod prey. As wormlions occur in high densities in nature, testing in groups is thus more indicative of their natural behavior than testing individuals. Wormlions responded strongly to biotic conditions-high conspecific density, starvation, and large body mass of conspecifics-by either increasing pit-relocation events or moving away from the microhabitat center to the periphery of the arena, probably opting for a way out. In other instances, individuals increased their distance to the nearest neighbor, thereby changing the spatial pattern toward a more regular pattern, potentially indicating interference competition. The only abiotic condition apparently perceived by wormlions as unsuitable was shallow sand, which led to frequent relocations. The two other abiotic factors-illumination and sand particle size-had no observable effect on behavior, although wormlions in nature always occur under shade in fine sand, and prefer both shade and fine sand particle size under laboratory conditions when given a choice. Under the fine spatial scale of the present experiment, biotic factors appear to be more influential than abiotic ones.

关键词： antlions dispersal relocation spatial pattern wormlions

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Seed dispersal by Tana River mangabeys in fragmented gallery forests

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Open Journal of Ecology 2012年第1期2卷 12-20页

作者： Duncan M. Kimuyu Geoffrey M. Wahungu Dennis O. Otieno Department of Plant Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Karatina University College Karatina Kenya

Data collected on a free ranging group of Tana River mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus) indicates that this endangered primate species, which has previously been regarded as a seed predator, plays an important role in seed dispersal and do contribute to the regeneration of a highly fragmented gallery forest. We observed fruit handling behavior and the post-dispersal fate of seeds ingested by the mangabeys. The two main fruit handling behaviors observed, fruit swallowing and processing fruits in cheek pouches, positively contributed to seed disper- sal. Seed predation was not common during this study, apart from a few particular plant species such as Acacia robusta and Alangium salviifolium with non-fleshy fruits. We found a correlation between seed predation and fruit availability, respectively seasonal differential specific dispersal efficiency. The role of the mangabeys in dispersing seeds and facilitating forest regeneration is enhanced by their movement across forest patches through non-forested matrix, which contributes to the deposition of seeds and regeneration in these habitat gaps.

关键词： Cercocebus Galeritus Seed dispersal seed Predation Seasonality dispersal Efficiency Fragmentation Habitat Gaps Tana River Forests

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Push and pull factors driving movement in a social mammal: context dependent behavioral plasticity at the landscape scale

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Current Zoology 2019年第5期65卷 517-525页

作者： Andrew W.BYRNE James O'KEEFFE Christina D.BUESCHING Chris NEWMAN Agri-food and Biosciences Institute Veterinary Science DivisionStormontBelfastUK School of Biological Sciences Queen's University BelfastBelfastUK Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis(CVERA) School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinIreland Department of Agriculture Food and the MarineAgriculture HouseDublinIreland Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordThe Recanati-Kaplan CentreTubney HouseAbingdon RoadTubneyAbingdonOxfordshireUK

Understanding how key parameters(e.g.,density,range-size,and configuration)can affect animal movement remains a major goal of population ecology.This is particularly important for wildlife disease hosts,such as the European badger Meles meles,a reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis.Here we show how movements of 463 individuals among 223 inferred group territories across 755 km2 in Ireland were affected by sex,age,past-movement history,group composition,and group size index from 2009 to 2012.Females exhibited a greater probability of moving into groups with a male-biased composition,but male movements into groups were not associated with group composition.Male badgers were,however,more likely to make visits into territories than females.Animals that had immigrated into a territory previously were more likely to emigrate in the future.Animals exhibiting such"itinerant"movement patterns were more likely to belong to younger age classes.Inter-territorial movement propensity was negatively associated with group size,indicating that larger groups were more stable and less attractive(or permeable)to immigrants.Across the landscape,there was substantial variation in inferred territory-size and movement dynamics,which was related to group size.This represents behavioral plasticity previously only reported at the scale of the species’biogeographical range.Our results highlight how a"one-size-fits-all"explanation of badger movement is likely to fail under varying ecological contexts and scales,with implications for bovine tuberculosis management.

关键词： dispersal socio-biology wildlife biology wildlife disease Meles meles social groups territoriality perturbation bTB

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