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Airborne transmission during short-term events: direct route over indirect route

Building Simulation 2022年第12期15卷 2097-2110页

作者： Xiujie Li Zhengtao Ai Jinjun Ye Cheuk Ming Mak Hai Ming Wong Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina Department of Civil Engineering Hunan UniversityChangshaChina National Center for International Research Collaboration in Building Safety and Environment Hunan UniversityChangshaChina Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong KongHong KongChina

Numerous short-term exposure events in public spaces were reported during the COVID-19 pandemic,especially during the spread of Delta and Omicron.However,the currently used exposure risk assessment models and mitigation measures are mostly based on the assumption of steady-state and complete-mixing conditions.The present study investigates the dynamics of airborne transmission in short-term events when a steady state is not reached before the end of the events.Large-eddy simulation(LES)is performed to predict the airborne transmission in short-term events,and three representative physical distances between two occupants are examined.Both time-averaged and phase-averaged exposure indices are used to evaluate the exposure risk.The results present that the exposure index in the short-term events constantly varies over time,especially within the first 1/ACH(air changes per hour)hour of exposure between occupants in close proximity,posing high uncertainty to the spatial and temporal evolutions of the risk of cross-infection.The decoupling analysis of the direct and indirect airborne transmission routes indicates that the direct airborne transmission is the predominated route in short-term events.It suggests also that the general dilution ventilation has a relatively limited efficiency in mitigating the risk of direct airborne transmission,but determines largely the occurrence time of the indirect one.Given the randomness,discreteness,localization,and high-risk characteristics of direct airborne transmission,a localized method that has a direct interference on the respiratory flows would be better than dilution ventilation for short-term events,in terms of both efficiency and cost.

关键词： airborne transmission short-term events direct exposure transient computational fluid dynamics(CFD) exposure risk

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