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Formation, preservation and connectivity control of organic pores in shale

Petroleum Exploration and Development 2021年第4期48卷 798-812页

作者： BORJIGIN Tenger LU Longfei YU Lingjie ZHANG Wentao PAN Anyang SHEN Baojian WANG Ye YANG Yunfeng GAO Zhiwei Oil&Gas Resources Survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China Wuxi Petroleum Geology Institute Sinopec Exploration&Production Research InstituteWuxi 214126China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China

In view of strong heterogeneity and complex formation and evolution of organic pores,field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),Raman spectrum and fluid injection+CT/SEM imaging technology were used to study the macerals,organic pores and connectivity of organic pores in the lower Paleozoic organic-rich shale samples from Southern China.Combined with the mechanism of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion and pore forming mechanism of organic matter-based activated carbon,the relationships between organic pore development and the organic matter type,hydrocarbon generation process,diagenesis and pore pressure were explored to reveal the controlling factors of the formation,preservation and connectivity of organic pores in shale.(1)The generation of organic pores goes on through the whole hydrocarbon generation process,and is controlled by the type,maturity and decomposition of organic matter;the different hydrocarbon generation components and differential hydrocarbon-generation evolution of kerogen and solid asphalt lead to different pore development characteristics;organic pores mainly develop in solid bitumen and hydrogen-rich kerogen.(2)The preservation of organic pores is controlled by maturity and diagenesis,including the steric hindrance effect of in-situ hydrocarbon retention,rigid mineral framework formed by recrystallization,the coupling mechanism of pore-fluid pressure and shale brittleness-ductility transition.(3)The Ro of 4.0%is the maturity threshold of organic pore extinction,the shale layers with Ro larger than 3.5%have high risk for shale gas exploration,these shale layers have low gas contents,as they were in an open state before uplift,and had high hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and strong aromatization,thus having the"congenital deficiency"of high maturity and pore densification.(4)The pores in the same organic matter particle have good connectivity;and the effective connectivity between different organic matter pores and inorganic pores and fractures depends on the abundance and distrib

关键词： shale gas organic matter pore maturity hydrocarbon generation process diagenesis Ordovician Wufeng Formation Silurian Longmaxi Formation

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Diagenetic and Reservoir Quality Variation of Miocene Sandstone Reservoir Analogues from Three Basins of Southern California,USA

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Journal of Earth Science 2020年第5期31卷 930-949页

作者： Sunday E.Okunuwadje David MacDonald Stephen Bowden School of Geosciences University of AberdeenAberdeen AB243UEUK Department of Geology University of BeninBenin City PMB 1154Nigeria

The Miocene sandstone deposits in the Southern California region are important hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, their development has been very challenging due to the wide variability in their reservoir quality. These sandstones have been studied from three sedimentary basins by petrographic thin section, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction to evaluate and compare the influence of diagenesis on their reservoir quality in these basins. Four petrofacies, namely P1(sand injectite or dyke), P2(sub-marine fan), P3(turbidite and marine-influenced alluvial fans) and P4(continental sandstones) have been identified. P1 and P2 characterise the sandstones in the San Joaquin forearc basin and are affected by kaolinite and extensive early calcite diagenesis. P3 and P4 delineate the sandstones in the Cajon Valley and Salton Trough strike-slip basins and are dominated by smectite, mixed illite-smectite, early calcite and late calcite diagenesis. Early calcite cement in P3 and P4 is in lower proportion than in P1 and P2. Although the dissolution of these sandstones by acidic fluids did not have a pattern, it, however, has the most considerable influence on P2 creating moldic pores which are expected to increase pore connectivity. The relatively abundant dissolution pores in P2, together with the absence of late authigenic calcite and illite clay in comparison to the other petrofacies studied are likely to make this sandstone facies the best reservoir targets in the Southern California region. These rocks are analogous to producing reservoirs in the region. However, because, petroleum accumulation in these reservoirs are compartmentalized by early calcite cement, maximum recovery using acidified fluids is recommended to dissolve the calcite-filled pores in order to increase connectivity of their pore network and enhance flow potential.

关键词： diagenesis petrofacies reservoir quality Miocene California

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Very Low-Grade Metamorphism of Clastic Rocks from the Meso-Neoproterozoic and the Paleozoic along the Profile Yueyang-Linxiang in Northeastern Hunan Province and Its Geological Implications

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第5期90卷 1743-1753页

作者： WANG Hejing YUAN Lei WANG Ling ZHOU Zhao AN Jiali School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution Ministry of Education

This study uses illite crystallinity,chlorite crystallinity,illite polytypes,the b0 cell-dimension of K-white mica,clay mineral assemblages and mineral geothermo-geobarometers to investigate the overprint of diagenesis and metamorphism on the Meso-Neoproterozoic and the Lower Paleozoic along the profile Yueyang-Linxiang in northeastern Hunan Province,China.Illite crystallinity Kbler index（KI） of the 〈2μm fractions ranges from 0.225 to 0.485°Δ2θ while chlorite crystallinity Arkai index（AI） ranges from 0.244 to 1.500°Δ2θ.This indicates that the Meso-Neoproterozoic and the Lower Paleozoic along the profile Yueyang-Linxiang were overprinted with diagenesis and anchi- to epimetamorphism.Peak metamorphic temperature is estimated with the IV site chlorite geothermometer roughly at 360℃.The b0 cell dimension values of illites（K-mica） range from 0.9002 to 0.9054 nm and,on average,at 0.9030 nm for the Meso-Neoproterozoic.Based on cumulative frequency curves of illite（K-mica） b0 cell dimension,the peak metamorphic pressure of the MesoNeoproterozoic along the profile Yueyang-Linxiang is derived of an intermediate pressure type.Most illites occur in the 2M1 polytype and some of them in a mixture of 2M1＋1M types especially those in the Paleozoic.This result partly agrees with the conclusion of the lower greenschist and greenschist facies of the Lengjiaxi and Banxi Groups.However,it is not agreed with the sedimentary cover from the Sinian to the Lower Paleozoic or from the Banxi Group to the Lower Paleozoic.Crustal thickening due to ＂collision＂ between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks led to an increase in the thickness of the Meso-Neoproterozoic to ca.14 km and resulted in a temperature increase in those rocks due to burial.The very low grade to low grade metamorphism overprinting the Meso-Neoproterozoic implies that the so called ＂Chiangnania or Jiangnan orogen＂ was no relative with the ＂Grenvillian orogeney;instead,it might be a continuous amalgamation product between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks.

关键词： diagenesis very low-grade metamorphism illite crystallinity Meso-Neoproterozoic lowerpalaeozoic

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A Review of Fluid Inclusions in Diagenetic Systems

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第3期89卷 697-714页

作者： Terrence P.MERNAGH Research School of Earth Sciences The Australian National University

The study of fluid inclusions can help constrain the conditions at which diagenetic minerals precipitated,leading to a better understanding of the geologic controls and relative timing of changes in porosity and/or mineralising events.Many of the diagenetic minerals are easily deformed and it is important to check for any post-entrapment changes to the inclusions.Possible post-entrapment changes include reaction with the host crystal,necking down,nucleation metastability and thermal reequilibration.The recommended method of detecting these problems is to examine individual fluid inclusion assemblages（FIAs） and report data for each individual FIA.These studies have been enhanced by the development of new micro-analytical techniques such as micro-fluorescence spectroscopy,micro-infrared spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance,various mass spectrometry techniques and the analysis of individual fluid inclusions using laser ablation/decrepitation methods.Special techniques have been developed for hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions such as the Grains containing Oil Inclusions（GOI）,Fluid Inclusion Stratigraphy（FIS）,and the Molecular Composition of Inclusions（MCI） techniques.The fluid inclusions that form in some minerals during diagenesis provide the only direct means of examining the fluids present in these systems.They provide useful temperature,pressure,and fluid composition data that cannot be obtained by other means.

关键词： Fluid inclusions diagenesis saline formations hydrocarbons mineralisation

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Cementation Characteristics and Their Effect on Quality of the Upper Triassic, the Lower Cretaceous, and the Upper Cretaceous Sandstone Reservoirs, Euphrates Graben, Syria

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第6期32卷 1545-1562页

作者： Ibrahem Yousef Vladimir Morozov Vladislav Sudakov Ilyas Idrisov Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies Kazan Federal UniversityKazanRussia

This article presents the results of cementation characteristics and their effect on sandstone reservoir quality of the Upper Triassic Mulussa F, the Lower Cretaceous Lower Rutbah, and the Upper Cretaceous Post Judea Sandstone formations in selected fields in the Euphrates Graben area, Syria. This study emphasises the role of cementation in the evaluation of the diagenetic history of the sediments, developing effective porosity, as well as evaluation of reservoirs stimulation procedures and potential for formation damage of the sandstone reservoirs. Quartz cement is present as well developed tabular or pyramidal syntaxial overgrowths. Kaolinite cement is present as vermicular aggregates which are most abundant within sandstones of the Mulussa F Formation. Carbonate cements include siderite and dolomite. Four lithofacies were identified within the studied formations;lithofacies-1 and 2 correspond to fluvial depositional environments, lithofacies-3 and 4 correspond to fluvial to estuarine channel environments. The Post Judea Sandstone and the Lower Rutbah reservoir units are typically lithofacies-3 sequences in which quartz overgrowths are the dominant cement. Because the total cement is more extensive in the Post Judea Sandstone Formation than in the Lower Rutbah Formation, resulting in high porosity(up to 26%) and permeability(6 000 mD), the reservoir quality is predicted to be best in the Post Judea Sandstone Formation. The reservoir units in the Mulussa F Formation contain the highest cement volumes comprised of early siderite and kaolinite, which, with the development of compaction-resisting quartz overgrowths and resultant compactional pore volume loss, has resulted in typically lower porosity being preserved than in the Lower Rutbah and Post Judea Sandstone formations.

关键词： cementation diagenesis reservoirs quality Euphrates Graben Syria

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The equilibrium between diagenetic calcites and dolomites and its impact on reservoir quality in the sandstone reservoir of Kela 2 gas field

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第9期17卷 1051-1058页

作者： Gao Zhiqian1,Yu Bingsong2,3 and Lai Xingyun2,3(1.School of Energy Resources,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China 2.State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China 3.Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Structure,Deep Processes and Exploration Technique,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China) School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Structure Deep Processes and Exploration Technique China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

Based on the equilibrium theory of chemical reactions between water and rocks,this paper establishes a thermodynamic phase relationship diagram among calcites,dolomites and water solution under the condition of diagenesis based on the thermodynamic database of related minerals and fluids and dolomite's degree of order parameters.It has been discovered that the equilibrium between calcites and dolomites in the diagenetic environment is strongly impacted by temperature and the Ca/Mg ratios in groundwater,and that the dolomite's degree of order in the diagenetic environment is a function of crystallization temperature and time,not controlled by water solution.Hereby,the authors make a further analysis of the close relationship of chemical reaction between carbonate cements and pore water in the sandstone reservoirs of Kala 2 gas field in Kuche sag.It can be seen that there are different impacts on sandstone reservoir quality among the equilibrium system of calcites,dolomites and pore water at different depths of reservoirs.

关键词： diagenesis equilibrium between calcites and dolomites secondary pores Kela 2 gas field

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Testing carbonate chemostratigraphy across differentiated ancient shallow-platform environments(Early Kimmeridgian,S Iberia)

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第6期10卷 2203-2218页

作者： Rute Coimbra Beatriz Marques Federico Oloriz GeoBioTec Departamento de GeocienciasUniversidade de AveiroPortugal MARE Departamento de Ciencias da TerraUniversidade de CoimbraPortugal Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de LisboaPortugal Departamento de Estratigrafia y Palaeontologia Universidad de GranadaSpain

Shallow-platform settings with marked differences in paleoplatform bottom physiography influence the degree of connection with oceanic waters and overall circulation patterns,even when sharing the same palaeoclimatic conditions.Two Kimmeridgian shallow-marine settings have been explored to test the sensitivity and reliability of carbonate chemostratigraphy to detect such differences.An integrated overview of the obtained elemental trends depicted four major facies,shared along specific stratigraphic intervals of both depositional records.diagenesis obliterated original geochemical signals only throughout the siliciclastics-rich interval,corresponding to the most landward setting.For the remaining facies,elemental features could be attributed to the differential action of forcing mechanisms operating along the south-Iberian paleomargin during Kimmeridgian times.The highest degree of continental influence can be recognized by a strong relationship between Fe and Mn for the most proximal setting,which fades out along the mixed carbonate-fine siliciclastic rhythmic deposition in more open settings.A characteristic geochemical signature of progressively more positiveδ^(13)C values and significantly higher Sr content is identified for the interval dominated by biogenic sponge buildups.Such a local response is related to local forcing by upwelling in the surroundings of a coral fringe.The geochemical signature of a hydrothermal origin can be clearly differentiated from the influence of mere terrigenous pulses.Accordingly,the decoupling of Fe and Mn along marginal settings is the clue to detecting major events of palaeogeographic restructuring.Observed temporal variations in Mg content along both studied sections are attributed to tectonic activity influencing nearshore/coastal water masses.By integrating chemostratigraphic information and complementary evidence,the palaeoenvironmental mechanisms promoting differentiated sedimentary records along ancient subtropical,shallow,coastal settings can be disentangled.

关键词： Palaeoenvironment Carbonate chemostratigraphy Shallow-water carbonates diagenesis Kimmeridgian

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Research on Diageneses of Cambrian Shoal Facies Carbonate Rocks in the Xiadong Area, Hubei Province

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2001年第2期75卷 161-174页

作者： ZHANG Xiulian and JIANG Lingzhi Department of Geology, Peking University, Beijing 100871 Peking Univ Dept Geol Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

With continuous outcrops, developed shoal facies rocks, complete types of diagenesis and changeable diagenetic environments, Cambrian strata are well developed in the Xiadong area, Yichang, Hubei Province. Under the combined influence of numerous diageneses, secondary pores can be formed, which result in better reservoir properties of the rock strata.

关键词： diagenesis diagenetic facies interval diagenetic stage diagenetic environment

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diagenesis of the microbialites in the Permian-Triassic boundary section at Laolongdong,Chongqing,South China

Diagenesis of the microbialites in the Permian-Triassic boun...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2013年度（第13届）...

作者： Jiang Hongxia Wu Yasheng Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

An interval of limestone,which generally has a dendroid appearance on outcrops, has been found in several Permian-Triassic boundary(PTB) sections in South China, and interpreted to be microbialites.Previous research has examined the paleontology and sedimentology of the unit,however,little attention has been devoted to its diagenesis. This paper discusses the diagenesis of the microbialites in the PTB section at Laolongdong, Chongqing,South China.Examination of multiple outcrops reveals that the structure in this kind of rock is not always dendroid;in many cases it is irregular in shape,and seldom shows the "up-branching" form.In addition,the speckled interval has also been found beneath the dendroid interval.In outcrop,both the speckled and dendroid rocks consist of the darkercolored areas and the lighter-colored areas.Examination of thin sections reveals that the darker-colored areas on outcrops are actually lighter-colored in thin sections,consist of larger crystals,and are more transparent.The lighter-colored areas in thin sections generally consist of large blocky calcite containing scattered small dirty calcite rhombs and irregular residual limestones,which are the same as the lime mudstones between the lighter-colored areas. It is inferred that the dendroid and speckled rocks have experienced the following diagenetic processes:(1) exposure of the carbonate sediments to the subaerial environment because of a sea level drop;(2) dolomitization caused by the downward migration of fluids formed the dendroid and speckled dolomitic patches;(3) dedolomitization of the dolomitic patches formed dendroid and speckled patches of calcite;(4) dissolution occurred in the interstices between relic dolomite crystals formed spongy pores;and(5) filling of the spongy pores by large blocky calcite.Therefore,even though microbes played a critical role in the formation of these microbialites,diagenesis contributed greatly to the formation of the speckled and dendroid pattern of the microbialites.

关键词： Permian-Triassic boundary microbialites diagenesis dendroid interval speckled interval Laolongdong

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“Water Consumption”in the Diagenetic Stage and Its Petroleum Geological Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2008年第3期82卷 663-668页

作者： ZHANG Shanwen Shengli Oilfield Branch Corporation SINOPEC Dongying Shandong 257001

Inspired from the anomaly of low pressure in the middle and deep reservoir of the Paleogene in the Jiyang depression, this paper theoritically discusses＂waterconsumption＂of the principal mineral alteration during the diagenetic stage. The preliminary research result shows that ＂water consumption＂ of mineral alteration in the diagenetic stage can make formation water greatly decrease. Relevant formations will be in the stage of low pressure without supply of exterior liquid. Pressure differences between the relevant formations and wall rocks make hydrocarbons enter easily to form the effective reservoir.

关键词： diagenesis ＂water consumption＂ function alteration feldspar kaolinite

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