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Trade Restrictiveness and Deadweight Loss in China＇s Imports

Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2012年第3期7卷 478-494页

作者： Bo Chen Hong Ma School of International Business Administration Shanghai University of Finance andEconomicsShanghai 200433China School of Economics and Management Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

China is believed to have gained immensely from its admission into to the World Trade Organization （WTO） in 2001. One of the direct gains comes from the lessening of deadweight loss （DWL） due to tariff reduction. Conventional measures for DWL, however, are too aggregate to capture the trade policies, which are determined at a much higher disaggregated level, and ignore the interactions between tariff and corresponding import demand as suggested by theories. In this paper, we first systematically estimate the import demand elasticities at a highly disaggregated level and then match them with the most detailed lines of the applied tariff for the most favored nations as reported by the WTO. Using the detailed matching data, we construct Feenstra＇s （1995） simplified trade restrictiveness index （TRI）, which captures the covariance of tariff and the corresponding demand elasticity. Finally, we use the TRI to compute the DWL from1997 to 2008 and find that the DWL due to the tariff barrier was reduced to 0.73% of GNI in 2008, noticeably lower than the highest previous mark of 4.58% of GNI in 2001.

关键词： demand elasticities non-processing imports deadweight loss (DWL)

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Estimating the Fresh Vegetables demand System in Jordan： A Linear Approximate Almost Ideal demand System

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 2011年第3期5卷 322-331页

作者： A. S. Jabarin E. K. Al-Karablieh Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribus#wss Management Faculty of Ag~qc~tlture The University of Jordan P. O. Box13899 Amman 11942 Jordan

The main objective of this research is to estimate the different types of demand elasticities for the main fresh vegetables consumed in Jordan. The estimated elasticities can be used to measure the impacts of agricultural policies and can be used to predict future consumption in the context of food security in terms of access, availability, stability, and food quality. The reported demand estimates were obtained through the estimation of a Linear Approximate Almost Ideal demand Systems （LA/AIDS） for Jordan fresh vegetable crops demand system using the most recent cross-sectional data of household expenditure survey in 2005. A censored regression method for the system of equations was used to analyze fresh vegetables consumption patterns. This method allows for inclusion of a large number of zero consumption for some foods through two-step demand system estimation. All of the own-price demand elasticities have the correct negative signs and statistically significant. According to the expenditure elasticity, tomato, cucumber, and potato are the necessity goods. The mean budget shares indicate that consumers spend 30 percent of their allocated budget to vegetables on tomatoes and potatoes. The green bean elasticity is the highest indicating that demand for beans is highly responsive to any changes in the price. The expenditure elasticities reveal that the demand on all vegetables is expected to grow over the coming few years. High own-price elasticities of all vegetables studied suggests that any changes in the prices of these crops could bring about a significant shift in fruits and vegetable constanption patterns.

关键词： Vegetable demand system demand elasticities LA/AIDS model Marshallian and Hicksian elasticities censored regression probit model.

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