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Attenuation of ethylene signaling increases cotton resistance to a defoliating strain of Verticillium dahliae

作物学报：英文版 2023年第1期11卷 89-98页

作者： Tianyi Wang Muhammad Shaban Junhui Shi Weiran Wang Shiming Liu Xinhui Nie Yu Yu Jie Kong Steven J.Klosterman Xianlong Zhang Alifu Aierxi Longfu Zhu National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070HubeiChina Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics University of Agricu Institute of Economic Crops Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesKuqa 842000XinjiangChina Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops College of AgronomyShihezi UniversityShihezi 832000XinjiangChina Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural&Reclamation Sciences Shihezi 832000XinjiangChina United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceSalinasCA 93905USA

The severity of Verticillium wilt on cotton caused by defoliating strains of Verticillium dahliae has gradually increased and threatens production worldwide. Identification of the molecular components of leaf defoliation may increase cotton tolerance to V. dahliae. Ethylene, a major player in plant physiological processes, is often associated with senescence and defoliation of plants. We investigated the cotton–*** interaction with a focus on the role of ethylene in defoliation and defense against V. *** plants inoculated with V. dahliae isolate V991, a defoliating strain, accumulated more ethylene and showed increased disease symptoms than those inoculated with a non-defoliating strain. In cotton with a transiently silenced ethylene synthesis gene(GhACOs) and signaling gene(GhEINs) during cotton–V. dahliae interaction, ethylene produced was derived from cotton and more ethylene increased cotton susceptibility and defoliation rate. Overexpression of AtCTR1, a negative regulator in ethylene signaling, in cotton reduced sensitivity to ethylene and increased plant resistance to V. ***, the results indicated precise regulation of ethylene synthesis or signaling pathways improve cotton resistant to Verticillium wilt.

关键词： Cotton Verticillium dahilae Ethylene defoliation

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Optimizing the application of a novel harvest aid to improve the quality of mechanically harvested cotton in the North China Plain

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第11期20卷 2892-2899页

作者： MENG Lu ZHANG Li-zhen QI Hai-kun DU Ming-wei ZUO Yan-li ZHANG Ming-cai TIAN Xiao-li LI Zhao-hu Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China College of Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China Hebei Cottonseed Engineering Technology Research Center Hejian 062450P.R.China

defoliation is an indispensable step in cotton production with mechanical harvesting,especially in the North China Plain(NCP)where mechanical harvesting is limited by a large proportion of green leaves and unopened bolls at harvest time due to insufficient thermal *** is essential to quantify the optimal use of defoliation products while minimizing yield and quality loss in *** objective of this study was to test the effect of a new defoliant Xinsaili(XSL,a compound of 10% thidiazuron and 40% ethephon)on the spatial distribution of cotton leaves and bolls,yield and quality in the *** were four treatments:XSL 1800 m L ha^(-1),XSL 2700 m L ha^(-1),XSL splitted into two equal applications(1350 m L ha^(-1) for each),and XSL-free(water)*** experiments were conducted in Hebei,China in *** the defoliant treatments did not significantly affect cotton yield and fiber quality compared with the water *** harvest time,the rate of open bolls under XSL 2700 m L ha^(-1) was 13.5% higher than that under XSL-free control,while the other two treatments showed no significant difference,across the two *** percentage of the three XSL treatments showed no difference,but they were on average 42.2% higher than that of XSL-free *** year-round effect of the defoliant XSL was significant,indicating that climate factors would affect its *** was concluded that the optimal dose of XSL in the NCP was 2700 m L ha^(-1),and it was unnecessary to split it into two *** results would promote cotton mechanical harvesting and reduce the labor cost of cotton production in China.

关键词： thidiazuron ethephon defoliation leaf distribution yield components

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Cotton maturity and responses to harvest aids following chemical topping with mepiquat chloride during bloom period

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2022年第9期21卷 2577-2587页

作者： QI Hai-kun DU Ming-wei MENG Lu XIE Liu-wei AEgrinya ENEJI XU Dong-yong TIAN Xiao-li LI Zhao-hu Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193P.R.China Department of Soil Science Faculty of AgricultureForestry and Wildlife Resources ManagementUniversity of CalabarCalabar 540271Nigeria Hebei Cottonseed Engineering Technology Research Center Hejian 062450P.R.China

Early maturity, complete defoliation and boll opening are essential for the efficient machine harvesting of cotton. Chemical topping, involving one extra application of mepiquat chloride(MC) in addition to its traditional multipleapplication strategy, may be able to replace manual topping. However, it is not known whether this chemical topping technique will influence maturity or cotton responses to harvest aids. In this 2-yr field study, we determined the effects of the timing of chemical topping using various rates of MC on boll opening percentage(BOP) before application of harvest aids(50% thidiazuron··ethephon suspension concentrate, referred to as TE), and the defoliation percentage(DP) and BOP 14 days after TE application. The results indicated that late chemical topping(near the physiological cutout, when the nodes above white flower is equal to 5.0) significantly decreased BOP before TE by 5.9–11.2% compared with early(at peak bloom) or middle(seven days after peak bloom) treatments in 2019, which was a relatively normal year based on crop condition. Also, a high MC rate(270 g ha) showed a significantly lower(22.0%) BOP before TE than low(90 g ha) or medium(180 g ha) rates. In 2020, which was characterized by stronger vegetative growth in the late season, the late chemical topping reduced the number of leaves before TE application relative to early or middle treatments, but had lower DP(23.2–27.2%) 14 days after TE application. The high MC rate showed a leaf count before TE application that was similar to the low and medium rates, but it showed the most leaves after TE and much lower(15.0–21.7%) DP in 2020. These results suggest that late timing of chemical topping and a high MC rate decreased the sensitivity of leaves to harvest aids. Further analysis indicated that the late chemical topping mainly affected the leaf drop from the mainstem and fruiting branches where the late regrowth occurred, and the high MC rate reduced leaf shedding from these parts and

关键词： cotton mepiquat chloride thidiazuron ethephon defoliation maturity

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Assessing a novel modelling approach with high resolution UAV imagery for monitoring health status in priority riparian forests

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Forest Ecosystems 2021年第4期8卷 810-830页

作者： Juan Guerra-Hernandez Ramon A.Diaz-Varela Juan Gabriel Avarez-Gonzalez Patricia Maria Rodriguez-Gonzalez edata Centro de iniciativas empresariaisFundacion CEL.O Palomar s/n27004 LugoSpain Forest Research Centre School of AgricultureUniversity of LisbonInstituto Superior de Agronomia(ISA)Tapada da Ajuda1349-017 LisbonPortugal Biodiversity and Applied Botany Unit(GI BIOAPLIC 1809) Department of BotanyEscuela Politecnica SuperiorR/Benigno LedoUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaCampus Universitario27002 LugoSpain Sustainable Forest Management Unit(UXFS) Department of Agroforestry EngineeringEscuela Politecnica SuperiorR/Benigno LedoUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaCampus UniversitarioE-27002 LugoSpain

Background:Black alder(Alnus glutinosa)forests are in severe decline across their area of distribution due to a disease caused by the soil-borne pathogenic Phytophthora alni species complex(class Oomycetes),“alder Phytopththora”.Mapping of the different types of damages caused by the disease is challenging in high density ecosystems in which spectral variability is high due to canopy *** obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)may be particularly useful for such tasks due to the high resolution,flexibility of acquisition and cost efficiency of this type of *** this study,*** decline was assessed by considering four categories of tree health status in the field:asymptomatic,dead and defoliation above and below a 50% threshold.A combination of multispectral Parrot Sequoia and UAV unmanned aerial vehicles-red green blue(RGB)data were analysed using classical random forest(RF)and a simple and robust three-step logistic modelling approaches to identify the most important forest health indicators while adhering to the principle of parsimony.A total of 34 remote sensing variables were considered,including a set of vegetation indices,texture features from the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and a digital surface model(DSM),topographic and digital aerial photogrammetry-derived structural data from the DSM at crown ***:The four categories identified by the RF yielded an overall accuracy of 67%,while aggregation of the legend to three classes(asymptomatic,defoliated,dead)and to two classes(alive,dead)improved the overall accuracy to 72% and 91% *** the other hand,the confusion matrix,computed from the three logistic models by using the leave-out cross-validation method yielded overall accuracies of 75%,80% and 94% for four-,three-and two-level classifications,***:The study findings provide forest managers with an alternative robust classification method for the rapid,effective assessment of area

关键词： Alder RPAS Multi-spectral defoliation Texture variables 3D point cloud Tree health monitoring

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Evaluation of Harvest Aid Chemicals for the Cotton-Winter Wheat Double Cropping System

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第2期12卷 273-282页

作者： DU Ming-wei REN Xiao-ming TIAN Xiao-li DUAN Liu-sheng ZHANG Ming-cai TAN Wei-ming LI Zhao-hu State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry/Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural University

Timing of harvest is critical for mechanical picking in cotton production, especially in those regions with double cropping system. Appropriate and safe harvest aids will improve timing and facilitate harvest of cotton in the double cropping system. Three defoliants （dimethipin, thidiazuron, and thidiazuron-diuron） and one boll opener （ethephon） were included in this research. They were evaluated for their effects on defoliation, boll opening, seedcotton yield, seed quality, and fiber quality of field grown cotton when used alone or as a mixture in 2009 and 2010. defoliation and/or boll opening were increased by all three defoliants and ethephon, especially by mixtures of a defoliant and ethephon. First harvest of seedcotton was significantly increased with defoliant-ethephon mixtures. No significant adverse effects were observed on boll weight, lint percentage, seed quality, and fiber properties. It was estimated that tank mixes of ethephon and one of the three defoliants can improve the adjusted gross revenue. Boll opening can be used as an alternative indicator for the adjusted gross revenue, because, it was linearly and positively correlated with the relative adjusted gross revenue and convenient in measurements. Wheat seedling growth was not affected by thidiazuron, whereas its seedling emergence, root dry weight, relative water content, and electrolyte leakage were adversely affected by dimethipin and thidiazuron- diuron when concentration was above 340 and 100 g （a.i.） ha-1, respectively. 90% defoliation and 80% boll opening were observed with the high rate of thidiazuron-ethephon mixture, but no adverse effects on winter wheat. The results suggested that tank mixes of ethephon with thidiazuron can be used effectively and safely in the cotton-winter wheat double cropping system to improve yield without adverse effects on seed quality and fiber quality.

关键词： cotton defoliation boll opening double cropping system

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No trade-off between trichome production and tolerance to leaf and inflorescence damage in a natural population of Arabidopsis lyrata

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2014年第4期7卷 373-383页

作者： Adriana Puentes JonÅgren Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution Evolutionary Biology Centre(EBC)Uppsala UniversityNorbyvägen 18DSE-75236 UppsalaSweden

Aims Early models of plant defense conceived resistance and tolerance to herbivore damage as mutually exclusive *** for this idea has been equivocal and studies on these two strategies are still needed to understand the evolution of defenses in natural *** Arabidopsis lyrata,the production of trichomes,a documented resistance trait,has been associated with a fitness cost in the absence of *** examined whether trichome production is also associated with reduced tolerance to simulated herbivore *** We conducted a field experiment in a natural swedish population of *** where we inflicted leaf(0 vs.50%of the area of each leaf removed)and inflorescence damage(0 vs.50%of inflores-cences removed)to trichome-producing and glabrous plants in a factorial *** examined the response(survival,growth and reproduction)of the plants to the imposed damage over 2 *** Findingstrichome-producing plants were not less tolerant than glabrous plants to simulated herbivore damage(no significant morph×leaf damage or morph×inflorescence damage interactions).Inflorescence and leaf damage had independent negative effects on the performance of damaged *** damage reduced rosette size the year of damage,but effects on reproductive output in the year of damage,and on survival and reproductive performance the following year were weak and not statistically *** damage significantly reduced the number of flowers,fruits and seeds the year of damage,but not in the following *** of morph,the study population was more tolerant to leaf than to inflorescence *** results indicated no trade-off between trichome production and tolerance,suggesting that these two defense mechanisms have the potential to evolve indepen-dently in this *** population.

关键词： plant defense fitness costs resistance traits defoliation florivory

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Droplets deposition and harvest-aid efficacy for UAV application in arid cotton areas in Xinjiang,China

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2022年第5期15卷 9-18页

作者： Guobin Wang Jiahui Wang Pengchao Chen Xiaoqiang Han Shengde Chen Yubin Lan School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science Shandong University of TechnologyZibo 255049ShandongChina National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology(NPAAC) Ministry of Science and TechnologyCollege of Electronic EngineeringSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China College of Agricultural Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832000XinjiangChina Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX 77845

With the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)sprayers,the application of low-volume spraying of harvest-aid and other agrochemicals to cotton using UAVs is becoming a new agronomic trend *** effect of spray volume and canopy density for UAV spraying is significant but was rarely *** this study,five representative spray volumes were explored to examine the effect of spray volume on deposition and harvest-aid efficacy for cotton using a UAV *** explore the effect of canopy density,similar tests were carried out in a field located nearby with a lower leaf area index(LAI).A conventional trailer boom sprayer was selected for *** spray volumes had a significant effect on defoliation,but had no significant effect on boll opening and fiber quality.A higher defoliation rate was achieved in the lower LAI *** total rate of defoliation using the UAV was inferior to the boom sprayer in the high LAI field for lower deposition and defoliation rate in the lower *** the deposition,defoliation rate,and working efficiency,a spray volume of 15.0 L/hm^(2) with an average droplet size of 150μm is recommended for UAV application.

关键词： UAV droplets deposition spray volume canopy density leaf area index defoliation boll opening rate

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Plant responses to variable timing of aboveground clipping and belowground herbivory depend on plant age

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2018年第5期11卷 696-708页

作者： Minggang Wang T.Martijn Bezemer Wim Hvan der Putten E.Pernilla Brinkman Arjen Biere Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology(NIOO-KNAW)Droevendaalsesteeg 106708 PB WageningenThe Netherlands Institute of Biology Section Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryLeiden UniversityPO Box 95052300 RA LeidenThe Netherlands Laboratory of Nematology Wageningen UniversityP.O.Box 81326700 ES WageningenThe Netherlands

Aims Plants use different types of responses such as tolerance and induced defense to mitigate the effects of *** direc-tion and magnitude of both these plant responses can vary with plant ***,most studies have focused on aboveground herbivory,whereas important feeding occurs ***,we tested the hypothesis that plant tolerance and defense following shoot damage or root herbivory depends on plant *** In order to test our hypothesis,we exposed the perennial grass spe-cies Holcus lanatus to defoliation and root nematode inoculation at three growth stages(young,intermediate and old plants),and exam-ined responses of plant traits related to tolerance(regrowth follow-ing defoliation)and defense(leaf and root nitrogen and phenolics).Important Findings defoliation overall reduced plant shoot and root biomass as well as foliar concentrations of phenolics regardless of plant age at *** contrast,defoliation increased foliar N concentrations,but only when defoliation occurred at intermediate and old plant *** with root-feeding nematodes reduced root N concentra-tions after a prolonged period of growth,but only when nematodes had been inoculated when plants were *** relative shoot re-growth rate of plants increased immediately after defoliation but this was independent of the plant age at which defoliation occurred,*** not stronger in plants that were defoliated at a more advanced age,as ***,relative root growth rates increased shortly after defoliation,but this was only observed for plants defoli-ated when they were *** conclude that plant responses to aboveground and belowground herbivory in traits related to both defense and tolerance are affected by plant age,but do not gener-ally change with plant age.

关键词： plant age above-belowground interaction root-feeding nematodes Holcus lanatus defoliation

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Morphology, Morphogenesis and Production of Tanzânia Grass, Submitted to Either Fixed or Variable Resting Period

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第1期6卷 163-171页

作者： Alberto Chambela Neto José F. C. da Silva Fermino Deresz Alberto M. Fernandes Bruno B. Deminicis Ismail R. Haddade Thiago L. Rosado Federal Institute of Science Education and Technology Education of Espírito Santo IFES Santa Teresa Campus Santa Teresa Brasil State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro UENF Campos dos Goytacazes Rio de Janeiro Brasil National Center of Research in Milk Cattle-CNPGL EMBRAPA Coronel Pacheco Campus Juiz de Fora Brasil Federal University of Espírito Santo Centro de Ciências Agrárias CCA-UFES Alegre Brasil

This work was carried out at Embrapa. Milk cattle and experimental field were located in Coronel Pacheco, MG, Brazil, in the period of December 2008 to May 2009. It was aimed to evaluate the effect of two different defoliation intervals on the morphology and morphogenetic characteristics of Tanzania grass (Urochloa maxima) pasture. The treatments consisted of evaluations of 2 management strategies on pastures were: 1) IL95—consisted of the entry of animals into the pickets when the pasture reached 95% of interception of photosynthetically active radiation, with 3 days of picket occupation and 2) FIXED—pasture managed with 30 days of defoliation interval and 3 days of picket occupation. Ten cows (Holstein × Zebu) recently delivered were used to effectuate the grazer of the evaluated areas. The measured variables were analyzed by the mist model. The best model selection was based on the Akaike information criterion, in which the likelihood was evaluated for the different proposed models, where the composed symmetry had the better adjustment to the model. The management caused differences on the biomass production and on the morphological and morphogenetic structure of Tanzania grass, in which the criterion of interception of photosynthetically active radiation allowed higher efficiency on the area usage.

关键词： defoliation Interval Interception Photosynthetically Active Urochloa maxima

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The effect of leaf presence on the rooting of stem cutting of bitter melon and on changes in polyamine levels

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Agricultural Sciences 2012年第7期3卷 936-940页

作者： Nasir S. A. Malik Jose L. Perez Madhurababu Kunta United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Weslaco USA

The study was conducted to investigate the optimal hormone treatment for rooting in bitter melon and the effect of defoliation on rooting and polyamine levels. Commercial preparation (diluted 1:10 and 1:20) gave extensive rooting within five days after treatment. The presence of leaf with the stem cutting was necessary for optimal rooting as defoliation drastically reduced rooting even when the rooting time was extended from 5 to 10 days. The presence of leaf also promoted the levels of putrescine three days after the hormone treatment just at the time of root emergence. Cuttings that did not have leaf did not show an increase in putrescine levels and did not produce roots. Spermidine levels also increased in the cuttings that rooted but there was no change in the levels of spermine in the cuttings that rooted. It appears that putrescine and spermidine play a role in regulating rooting in bitter melon cuttings. The vegetative propagation conditions described show that it is a practically viable technique for small growers to produce large number of plantlets at the farm for selection and cultivation.

关键词： Momordica charantia Polyamines Rooting defoliation Propagation

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