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The Determination of Excessive defense by Judicial Practice and Its Rethinking——Based on an Analysis of 722 Criminal Judgments

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Contemporary Social Sciences 2019年第1期4卷 38-64页

作者： Yin Ziwen Fei Yang(译) School of Law Tsinghua University 不详

Concerning the determination of excessive defense,the main problems are the judicial practice of determining excessive defense only based on the resul of harm inflicted on a perpetrator;identifying excessive harm generally as an intentional crime;limiting the scope of exemption from punishmen of excessive defense relatively narrowly as well as repeated appraisals and indirect punishments.For the improvement of judicial determination of excessive defense,the following efforts should be made.First,from the perspective of ex ante,determining the necessary limits as the standard of whether the act of defense was necessary to stop unlawful infringement Second,paying due attention to the influence of the awareness of defense on the form of culpability and in general circumstances determining excessive defense as a negligent crime.Third,giving sufficient consideration of the extent to which the possibility of anticipation decreased when the defender was faced with unlawful infringement and expanding the scope of exemption from punishment for excessive defense.Fourth,avoiding repeated appraisals and indirect punishments by analyzing the factual grounds and essentia foundations of the circumstances of lesser or greater punishments.

关键词： excessive defense determination by judicial practice necessary limits awareness of defense deductions and exemptions from punishment

Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process Model in the Prioritization of Information Assurance defense In-Depth Measures?—A Quantitative Study

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Journal of Information Security 2017年第3期8卷 166-173页

作者： Rodney Alexander Hutchinson Community College Hutchinson USA

Organizational computing devices are increasingly becoming targets of cyber-attacks, and organizations have become dependent on the safety and security of their computer networks and their organizational computing devices. Business and government often use defense in-depth information assurance measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and password procedures across their enterprises to plan strategically and manage IT security risks. This quantitative study explores whether the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model can be effectively applied to the prioritization of information assurance defense in-depth measures. In response to these threats, the President, legislators, experts, and others have characterized cyber security as a pressing national security issue. The methods used in this study consisted of emailing study participants a survey requesting that they prioritize five defense in-depth information assurance measures, anti-virus, intrusion detection, password, smart-cards, and encryption, with a range of responses from 1 - 5 using a Likert scale to consider standard cost, effectiveness, and perceived ease of use in terms of protection of organizational computing devices. The measures were then weighted, based on ranking. A pair-wise comparison of each of the five measures is then made using AHP to determine whether the Likert scale and the AHP model could be effectively applied to the prioritization of information assurance measures to protect organizational computing devices. The findings of the research reject the H0 null hypothesis that AHP does not affect the relationship between the information technology analysts’ prioritization of five defense in-depth dependent variables and the independent variables of cost, ease of use, and effectiveness in protecting organizational devices against cyber-attacks.

关键词： Information Assurance Analytical Hierarchy Process defense in Depth Information Technology

An Empirical Analysis of defense-Economic Growth Relationship

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Journal of Business Administration Research 2018年第1期1卷 8-16页

作者： Muhammad Tayyab Sohail Qaiser Jamal Umair Shad School of Management Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China Department of Public Policy National Defence UniversityIslamabad44000 Pakistan

Most of the developing and developed countries try to make peace and promote it but still it is seen that large portion of the overall global GDP is spent on the defense sector. This study surveys defense-growth nexus by incorporating openness to trade, external debt, gross capital formation and labor force in production function. The study uses annual time series data over the period 1972-2016. For estimation purposes, the study employed ADF unit root test and P-P unit root test for testing stationarity properties, ARDL Bound test to cointegration used for testing long run relationship. The empirical evidence of the study reveals that Economic growth is positively affected by spending on defense sector, capital investments, labor force, and openness to trade in long run while external debt has a negative effect on economic growth. Apart from this, empirical evidence also suggests that in short run;there is positive imperative role of capital investment, defense spending, and openness to trade in growth process, while external debt retards the pace of economic growth. Results of the study indicates that defense spending could be used as a fiscal tool for achieving sustainable growth, government should invest high R&D in defense.

关键词： defense spending Economic growth Feder-Ram model Pakistan

A Tentative defense for the Villain Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter

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Journal of Literature and Art Studies 2020年第7期10卷 575-583页

作者： ZHANG Bao-cang Beijinng Foreign Studies University Henan Agricultural University HenanChina

The paper makes a tentative defense for the villain Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter,regarding that the characterization with a devil’s image,cruel and cold-blooded is related to religious and artistic purposes.Actually,with the truth shifted from religious to psychological one,textual evidence shows that Chillingworth is far from that bad,and as one of the protagonists,she also deserves the pity and sympathy from the reader.

关键词： Nathaniel Hawthorne Roger Chillingworth defense

Features of Developmental Level of defense Mechanisms and Adjustment Status of University Students in Japan

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Health 2015年第1期7卷 52-57页

作者： Kayo Shichiri Masako Shibuya Kennichi Murayama Chiyoko Sato Kyoko Kaminushi Tomoko Uenoyama Ichiro Mashima Takeshi Kuroda Yoshiki Suzuki Health Administration Center Niigata University Niigata Japan

A person with high-level mental defensive functioning exhibits optimal, effective adaptive states when encountering stressors. This may be an important factor in maintaining a sound campus life. Participants were 47 physically and mentally healthy students (average age 19.0 ± 0.6). We first investigated the developmental level of mental defensive functioning as an indicator of participants’ adaptive state at the time of the study. We used the Defensive Functioning Scale proposed in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). We attempted to quantify this scale by summing scores of seven defense Levels based on individual defense mechanisms. We then measured physical and mental symptoms using the Cornell Medical Index (CMI), and compared the relationships between symptoms and defensive functioning (defensive functioning scale and physical symptoms, defensive functioning scale and mental symptoms, and physical symptoms and mental symptoms). Finally, we compared male and female results. Although there was no statistical difference, males showed higher average scores than females on the Defensive Functioning Scale vs physical/mental symptoms, which may indicate the relative suppression of women that characterizes the social and cultural background in Japan. In addition, there was a relatively high unisex positive correlation between physical symptoms and mental symptoms, which suggests that university health administrative staff need to provide mental as well as physical care to help students manage stress effectively. However, larger, more comparative studies on the social and cultural background are needed to further explore these issues.

关键词： defense Levels and Defensive Functioning Physical Symptoms Mental Symptoms Adaptive

The Research on the Analysis and Application of Detecting Underground Civil Air defense with GPR

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2015年第3期3卷 52-58页

作者： Yongqing Yang Xiaohui Sun College of Civil and Transportation Engineering Hohai University Nanjing China College of Construction Engineering Qingdao Huanghai University Qingdao China

On the basis of the principle of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method and geophysical characteristics, this paper discusses in detail detection method of civil air defense distinguished by GPR under the complex geological condition through using the analysis and application in the survey of underground civil air defense as an example. Three dimensional image of the defense clearly reflects its underground structure. Test result has the greatly high detection precision. This example illustrates the effectiveness and practicability of GPR in the respect of detection of the civil air defense and also accumulates experiences for the application of GPR in urban geological survey.

关键词： GPR Civil Air defense Complex Geological Condition Three Dimensional Image

Hadoop Based defense Solution to Handle Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks

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Journal of Information Security 2013年第3期4卷 150-164页

作者： Shweta Tripathi Brij Gupta Ammar Almomani Anupama Mishra Suresh Veluru Faculty of Computing and Information Technology North Jeddah Branch King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia School of Computing Science & Engineering Galgotias Universiy Greater Noida India School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences City University London London UK

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks continues to grow as a threat to organizations worldwide. From the first known attack in 1999 to the highly publicized Operation Ababil, the DDoS attacks have a history of flooding the victim network with an enormous number of packets, hence exhausting the resources and preventing the legitimate users to access them. After having standard DDoS defense mechanism, still attackers are able to launch an attack. These inadequate defense mechanisms need to be improved and integrated with other solutions. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of DDoS attacks, various models involved in attacks and to provide a timeline of defense mechanism with their improvements to combat DDoS attacks. In addition to this, a novel scheme is proposed to detect DDoS attack efficiently by using MapReduce programming model.

关键词： DDoS DoS defense Mechanism Characteristics Hadoop MapReduce

Network defense Methodology: A Comparison of defense in Depth and defense in Breadth

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Journal of Information Security 2013年第3期4卷 144-149页

作者： Lance Cleghorn School of Information Technology and Computer Science East Carolina University Greenville USA

The defense in depth methodology was popularized in the early 2000’s amid growing concerns for information security;this paper will address the shortcomings of early implementations. In the last two years, many supporters of the defense in depth security methodology have changed their allegiance to an offshoot method dubbed the defense in breadth methodology. A substantial portion of this paper’s body will be devoted to comparing real-world usage scenarios and discussing the flaws in each method. A major goal of this publication will be to assist readers in selecting a method that will best benefit their personal environment. Scenarios certainly exist where one method may be clearly favored;this article will help identify the factors that make one method a clear choice over another. This paper will strive not only to highlight key strengths and weaknesses for the two strategies listed, but also provide the evaluation techniques necessary for readers to apply to other popular methodologies in order to make the most appropriate personal determinations.

关键词： defense in Depth defense in Breadth Network defense Security Architecture defense Methodology Information Assurance

Chinese FM-80 Air defense Missile System

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Aerospace China 1994年第1期 25-28页

作者： Yang Cunfu,Chen Guoxin

This paper gives a brief introduction to the FM-80 low and very low altitude air defense missile system.The paper also describes in details its main components characteristics functions tactical specifications,operati... 详细信息

关键词： missile defense details specifications altitude brief bases manual latter engage