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debris flows Risk Analysis and Direct Loss Estimation:the Case Study of Valtellina di Tirano,Italy

Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第2期11卷 288-307页

作者： Jan BLAHUT Thomas GLADE Simone STERLACCHINI Department of Engineering Geology Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Geomorphic Systems and Risk Research Group Department of Geography and Regional Research University of Vienna Institute for the Dynamic of Environmental Processes National Research CouncilCNR-IDPA

andslide risk analysis is one of the primary studies providing essential instructions to the subsequent risk management process. The quantification of tangible and intangible potential losses is a critical step because it provides essential data upon which judgments can be made and policy can be formulated. This study aims at quantifying direct economic losses from debris flows at a medium scale in the study area in Italian Central Alps. Available hazard maps were the main inputs of this study. These maps were overlaid with information concerning elements at risk and their economic value. Then, a combination of both market and construction values was used to obtain estimates of future economic losses. As a result, two direct economic risk maps were prepared together with risk curves, useful to summarize expected monetary damage against the respective hazard probability. Afterwards, a qualitative risk map derived using a risk matrix officially provided by the set of laws issued by the regional government, was prepared. The results delimit areas of high economic as well as strategic importance which might be affected by debris flows in the future. Aside from limitations and inaccuracies inherently included in risk analysis process, identification of high risk areas allows local authorities to focus their attention on the “hot-spots”, where important consequences may arise and local （large） scale analysis needs to be performed with more precise cost-effectiveness ratio. The risk maps can be also used by the local authorities to increase population’s adaptive capacity in the disaster prevention process.

关键词： debris flows Risk analysis Economic losses Central Alps Italy

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A numerical study of the impacts of sediment composition on debris flows

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2022年第4期34卷 620-633页

作者： Abiola Abraham Adebiyi Peng Hu Institute of Port Coastaland Ofshore EngineeringOcean CollegeZhejiang UniversityZhoushan 316021China

debris flows in their natural environments are made up of different sediment sizes,even though they are often considered to be uniform in numerical *** prompted the present study to investigate the behaviors of debris flows with nonuniform sediment composition.A model is developed to investigate nonuniform debris flows and the characteristic behavior of their *** model’s framework of mass and momentum equations and mass exchange with the bed are solved using the shock-capturing finite volume *** model is first tested with a uniform sediment laboratory experiment,where there is a good *** model is then tested against two flume experiments with different bed water content and *** model performed well in both cases,however,the slight underprediction in the second case can be associated with the complexity of debris flows which may not be fully captured by physical *** model is further used to investigate different compositions of debris flows including mixed grain sizes,mean size,fine and coarse sediment size,and no erosion/*** modeling of the mixed grain sizes produced a more accurate result,and this justifies the consideration of nonuniform sediment sizes in the numerical studies of debris *** enhance the understanding of frontal coarsening and rear fining in experimental debris flow,the model is also used to investigate cases with different sediment compositions,and the model was able to reproduce the frontal coarsening and rear fining observed in experiments.

关键词： debris flows numerical modeling finite volume method(FVM) sediment composition erosion debris coarsening

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Comparison of the entrainment rate of debris flows in distinctive triggering conditions

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第2期14卷 237-248页

作者： MA Chao WANG Yu-Jie DU Cui Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University School of civil engineering Henan University of Science and Technology

debris flows can be extremely destructive because they can increase in magnitude via progressive entrainment. In this paper, a total of 18landslide-type debris flows and 268 channelized debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake and Taiwan region, as well as other regions were collected to analyze the entrainment rate of debris flows in each triggering condition. Results show that there is a power relationship between volume of initial triggered mass and final deposited debris for landslide type debris flow. The debris flows during2008 and 2013 in Wenchuan earthquake-region have smaller entrainment rate than that from 2001 t02009 in Taiwan. The entrainment rate of debris flow events from 2001 to 2009 in Taiwan shows a decaying tendency as elapsed time. Comparison of the entrainment rate in the two earthquake-hit regions with other regions proves that entrainment rate has a close relation with major sediment availability and secondary rainstorm conditions.

关键词： debris flows Landslide Magnitude Entrainment rate Earthquake

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Catastrophic debris flows on July 10^(th) 2013 along the Min River in Areas Seriously-hit by the Wenchuan Earthquake

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第1期12卷 186-206页

作者： GE Yong-gang CUI Peng ZHANG Jian-qiang ZENG Chao SU Feng-huan Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes/Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Emergency Mapping & Disaster Reduction

Over 240 debris flows occurred in hill-slopes, gullies （ indicated those with single-channel） and watersheds （indicated those with tributaries and channels） on July 10th 2013 in the Wenchuan county, and caused 29 casualties and about 633×10^6 USD losses. This work aimed to analyze characteristics, hazards and causes of these events and explore mitigating measures based on field investigation and remote sensing images interpretation. The debris flows contained clay content of 0.1%~3.56%, having densities of 1.72-2.14 t/m^3, velocities of 5.0-m.7 m/s, discharges of 335-2353 m^3/s and sediment yields of 0.10-1.26×10^6 m^3, and also numerously occurred in large watersheds with the area over lo km^2. Large debris flows formed 3 hazard-chains in slopes, gullies, watersheds and rivers, which all evolved in dammed lakes and outburst flood, and 26 dammed lakes and lO newly ones were generated along the rivers of Min and Yuzi. The remarkable spatial difference of loose solid materials accumulation and intense rainfall, with the cumulative of about or more than 150 mm and the hourly of over 16mm, caused debris flows in the sections from Yingxiu to Miansi and Gengda. The damages on buildings, reconstructions, highways,factories and hydro power station originated from the impacting, scouring, burying of debris flows, the submerging of dammed lake and the scouring of outburst flood, and the huge losses came from the ruinous destructions of control engineering works of debris flows as well as the irrational location and low- resistant capabilities of reconstructions. For hazards mitigating of debris flows in long term, the feasible measures for short term, including risk-reassessing of foregone and potential hazard sites, regional alarming system establishing and integrated control in disastrous sites, and middle-long term, including improving reconstruction standard, rationally disposing river channel bed rise and selecting appropriate reconstruction time and plans, were strongly

关键词： debris flows Wenchuan Earthquake Characteristics Damages Causes Preventions

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Characteristics, causation, and rehabilitation of Zhouqu extraordinarily serious debris flows in 2010, China

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Journal of Central South University 2013年第8期20卷 2342-2348页

作者： WANG Lan-min WU Zhi-jian WANG Ping CHEN Tuo Lanzhou Institute of Seismology China Earthquake Administration Lanzhou 730000 China Key laboratory of Loess Earthquake Engineering (China Earthquake Administration) Lanzhou 730000 China Geotechnical Disaster Prevention Engineering Technology Research Center of Gansu Province Lanzhou 730000 China State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences) Lanzhou 730000 China

In early morning of Aug 8th, 2010, the rain-triggered tremendous debris flows broke out simultaneously at the Sanyanyu ravine and Luojiayu ravine, which locate in the north part of Zhouqu County town. The debris flow is the most severe event of the same kind of disasters in the past sixty years in China, which caused great losses of people's lives and properties. Based on field investigation, remote sensing image interpretation and analysis of local climatological data, the local topographical conditions, active tectonic movement, massive debris source and torrential rains were the main formation causes which induced the catastrophic debris flows. Moreover, detailed geological surveys were carried out following the disaster, the other geological potential hazard sites were found out, and the geological and seismic hazard assessment has been put into practice. At last, scientific and appropriate countermeasures have been suggested to prevent and mitigate the extraordinarily serious debris flow.

关键词： debris flows hazard assessment geological survey Zhouqu county

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Distribution of debris flows in Glacier National Park,Montana,U.S.A.

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Journal of Mountain Science 2008年第4期5卷 318-326页

作者： WILKERSON Forrest D. SCHMID Ginger L. Department of Geography 7 Armstrong HallMinnesota State UniversityMankatoMN 56001USA

The spectacular scenery of Glacier National Park is the result of glacial erosion as well as post-glacial mass wasting processes. debris flow magnitude and frequency have been established through extensive fieldwork across seven separate drainage basins in the eastern portion of the park. This paper summarizes the investigation of the hypotheses that debris flow distribution in the Glacier National Park, east of the Continental Divide is （a） not random; and Co） concentrated adjacent to the Continental Divide. The location of 2317 debris flows were identified and mapped from sixty-three 1-m resolution Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles and their spatial distribution was then analyzed using ArcView Spatial Analyst GIS software. The GIS analysis showed that the debris flows are not randomly distributed nor are they concentrated directly adjacent to the Divide. While the Continental Divide provides orographic enhancement of precipitation directly adjacent to the Divide, the debris flows are not concentrated there due to a lack of available weathered regolith. The most recent Little Ice Age glaciation removed the debris directly adjacent to the Divide, and without an adequate debris supply, these steep slopes experience few debris flows. Both abundant water and an adequate debris supply are necessary to initiate slope failure, resulting in a clustering of debris flows at the break in slope where valley walls contact talus slopes. A variety of summer storm and antecedent moisture conditions initiate slope failures in the Glacier National Park, with no distinct meteorological threshold. With over two million visitorsevery year, and millions of dollars of park infrastructure at risk, identifying the hazard of debris flows is essential to future park management plans.

关键词： debris flows remote sensing GIS GlacierNational Park USA

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debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D):Numerical modelling of debris flows and calibration of friction parameters

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2022年第6期14卷 1747-1760页

作者： Minu Treesa Abraham Neelima Satyam Biswajeet Pradhan Hongling Tian Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology IndoreIndoreIndia Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems(CAMGIS) School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Information TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia Earth Observation Centre Institute of Climate ChangeUniversity Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangiMalaysia Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Process Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina

debris flows are rapid mass movements with a mixture of rock,soil and ***-intensity rainfall events have triggered multiple debris flows around the globe,making it an important concern from the disaster management *** study presents a numerical model called debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D)and applicability of the proposed model is investigated through the values of the model parameters used for the reproduction of an occurred debris flow at Yindongzi gully in China on 13 August *** model can be used to simulate debris flows using three different rheologies and has a userfriendly interface for providing the *** DFS 2D,flow parameters can be estimated with respect to space and *** values of the flow resistance parameters of model,dry-Coulomb and turbulent friction,were calibrated through the back analysis and the values obtained are 0.1 and 1000 m/s^(2),*** new methods of calibration are proposed in this study,considering the crosssectional area of flow and topographical changes induced by the debris *** proposed methods of calibration provide an effective solution to the cumulative errors induced by coarse-resolution digital elevation models(DEMs)in numerical modelling of debris *** statistical indices such as Willmott's index of agreement,mean-absolute-error,and normalized-root-mean-square-error of the calibrated model are 0.5,1.02 and 1.44,*** comparison between simulated and observed values of topographic changes indicates that DFS 2D provides satisfactory results and can be used for dynamic modelling of debris flows.

关键词： debris flows Numerical model Rheology debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D)

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Geomorphologic analysis and physico-dynamic characteristics of Zhatai-Gully debris flows in SW China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第1期13卷 137-145页

作者： LIU Xi-lin TANG Chuan NI Hua-yong ZHAO Yuan School of Geography and Planning Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu 610059China Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources China Geological SurveyChengdu 610081China Natural Resoources Science Academy of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610041 China

Zhatai gully is a typical debris flow channel in Butuo county of Sichuan province, southwestern China. The geomorphologic features are analyzed and the physical-dynamic characteristics are discussed on the basis of field investigation and laboratory tests. Geomorphologic analysis indicates that Zhatai-gully drainage in relation to debris flow can be divided into source area, transport area, and deposition area. The source area has a steep slope and has very limited vegetation cover, which favors runoff, allowing loose solid materials to be mobilized easily and rapidly. In the transport area, there are many small landslides, lateral lobes, and loose materials distributed on both banks. These landslides are active and constantly providing abundant source of soils for the debris flows. In the deposition area, three old debris-flow deposits of different ages can be observed. The dynamic calculation shows that within the recurrence intervals of 50 and lOO years, debris flow discharges are 155.77m^3/s and 178.19m^3/s and deposition volumes are 16.39 × 10^4 m^3 and 18.14 × 10^4 m^3, respectively. The depositional fan of an old debris flow in the outlet of the gully can be subdivided into six layers. There are three debris flow deposits on left and two on the right side of the gully. Grain-size tests of sediments from the soil, gulley bed deposits, and the fresh and old debris flow deposits showed that high amounts of clay and fine gravel were derived from the soil in the source area whereas much of the gravel fraction were sourced from the gully bed deposits. Comprehensive analysis indicates that Zhatai gully is viscous debris-flow gully with moderate to high frequency and moderate to large magnitude debris flows. The risk of a debris flow disaster in Zhatai-gully is moderate and poses a potential threat to the planned hydroelectric dam. Appropriate engineering measures are suggested in the construction and protection of the planned hydroelectric station.

关键词： debris flows Geomorphologic feature Zhatai gully China

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BOULDERS ON THE MOVE: GEOMORPHIC HAZARDS FROM FLOODSAND debris flows ALONG MOUNTAIN RIVERS

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International Journal of Sediment Research 1999年第2期14卷 285-293页

作者： Ellen E. WOHL (1 Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University, Fi. Coffins, Colorado, 80523 USA)

Geomorphologists can contribute to the mitigation of sediment disasters by using geologic records of past sediment processes and channel response to constrain probable future scenarios, and by identifying situations in which standard engineering approaches to channel processes do not adequately describe or predict these processes. Mountain rivers are an example of river systems for which standard engineering assumptions may not be adequate. Mountain rivers act as sediment conveyors from hillslopes to surrounding lowlands. The steep bed gradients and confined valleys of these rivers minimize attenuation of flood and debris-flow discharge, and mountain rivers are prone to catastrophic instability at varying timescales. The geomorphic response of a channel to an extreme debris flow or flood will depend on channel and valley geometry, boundary resistance, recurrence interval of the flow, magnitude of the flow relative to the magnitude of more frequent flows, and the availability of sediment during the flow. Records of past geomorphic changes may be used in connection with slope and channel stability analyses to estimate the spatial distribution and recurrence interval of flow-related changes. This information can then be incorporated into land-use zoning to reduce geomorphic hazards, as illustrated by a case study from the western United States.

关键词： Floods debris flows Mountain rivers Geomorphic hazards

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Tree failure modes influenced by the characteristics of tree and its root distribution caused by debris flows

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第12期21卷 3986-4000页

作者： CHEN Xiaoqing JIN Ke WANG Chenyuan LIU Haitao ZHAO Wanyu CHEN Jiangang State Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Engineering Resilience Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610299China Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited Kunming 650051China

Forests play an important role in controlling the formation and movement processes of debris *** contribute to soil stabilization,regulation of soil water content,and act as robust structures impeding the downstream progression of debris *** the positive side,trees,to some extent,can intercept debris flows and effectively mitigate their velocity by increasing flow *** the negative side,trees may suffer damage from debris-flow hazards,characterized by the generation of substantial quantities of wood fragments and consequential ramifications such as river channel blockage,resulting in backwater *** extreme cases,this blockage collapse can lead to instantaneous discharge amplification,thereby adversely impacting urban safety and impeding sustainable ***,in order to grasp the effects of tree characteristics on tree failure modes,the tree failure modes and corresponding parameters,diameters at breast height(DBH)and root-soil plate size,were identified and recorded through the post-event field investigation in Keze Gully,a region prone to debrisflow events in Sichuan,China,*** investigate the impact of spatial variability in tree root distribution on tree failure modes,the root crosssectional area ratio(RAR),root density(RD),root length density(RLD)and soil detachment rate(SDR)were *** findings indicated that:(1)Tree characteristics reflect the interactions of debris flows and trees,and influence the tree failure modes *** root distribution characteristics influence the size and shape of the root-soil plate to affect the resistance of trees.(2)Compared to burial and abrasion,stem breakage and overturning are the predominant modes of tree failure in debris-flow *** with a smaller DBH primarily experience stem breakage and bending,and trees with a larger DBH mostly experience overturning.(3)The root-soil plate shapes of overturned trees,affected by the root architecture and root growth ran

关键词： debris flows Tree characteristics Root distribution characteristics Tree failure modes Forestation

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