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Effects of methyl-,phenyl-,ethylmercury and mercurychlorid on immune cells of harbor seals(Phoca vitulina)

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第12期21卷 1716-1721页

作者： Antje Kakuschke Elizabeth Valentine-Thon Sonja Fonfara Katharina Kramer Andreas Prange GKSS Research Center Institute for Coastal Research Department of Immunology Laboratory Center Bremen

Mercury （Hg） is present in the marine environment as a natural metal often enhanced through human activities. Depending on its chemical form, Hg can cause a wide range of immunotoxic effects. In this study, the influence of methyl-, ethyl- and phenylmercury as well as mercurychloride on immune functions was evaluated. Two parameters of cellular immunity, proliferation and mRNA cytokine expression of interleukin-2, -4, and transforming growth factor β, were investigated in harbor seal lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to Hg compounds. While all Hg compounds had a suppressive effect on proliferation, differences between juvenile and adult seals were found. Lymphocytes from juveniles showed a higher susceptibility to the toxic effect compared to lymphocytes from adults. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition of proliferation varied among the four Hg compounds. The organic compounds seem to be more immunotoxic than the inorganic compound. Finally, for the cytokine expression of methylmercury-incubated lymphocytes, timedependent changes were observed, but no dose-dependency was found. Marine mammals of the North Sea are burdened with Hg, and lymphocytes of harbor seals may be functionally impaired by this metal. The present in vitro study provides baseline information for future studies on the immunotoxic effects of Hg on cellular immunity of harbor seals.

关键词： harbor seal mercury lymphocyte proliferation cytokine expression North Sea

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A Candid Assessment of the Link between Oral Candida Containing Biofilms and Oral Cancer

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Advances in Microbiology 2016年第2期6卷 115-123页

作者： J. Kang Y. He D. Hetzl H. Q. Jiang M. K. Jun M. S. Jun M. Khng N. Cirillo M. J. McCullough Melbourne Dental School The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia

An association between Candida and oral cancer has long been discussed in the literature and in particular Candida albicans has been proposed to play a significant role in the development of oral cancer. Although this organism is a common member of the oral mucosa and can cause a variety of oral mucosal lesions, the exact mechanisms by which C. albicans potentially causes the development of malignant disease still require much research. We have undertaken an extensive literature search to understand pathogenicity of C. albicans, including its virulence factors, its interactions with the host immune, how a dysregulation of the immune response can result in malignancy, and how a potential C. albicans specific cytokine response may be involved in oral carcinogenesis. We present here a candid assessment of the role of Candida in oral carcinogenesis and a hypothetical model about how this may occur. Finally, we present potential future research which is necessary to elucidate this role.

关键词： Candida Oral Cancer Immunology cytokine expression

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