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Bending,Compression and Bonding Performance of cross-laminated timber(CLT)Made from Malaysian Fast-Growing timbers

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第11期10卷 2851-2869页

作者： Norshariza Mohamad Bhkari Lum Wei Chen Anis Azmi Muhammad Shaiful Nordin Norman Wong Shew Yam Zakiah Ahmad Lee Seng Hua Institute for Infrastructure Engineering and SustainableManagement(IIESM) Universiti TeknologiMARAShah Alam40450Malaysia School of Civil Engineering College of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARAShah Alam40450Malaysia Sapulut Forest Development Sdn.Bhd. Kota Kinabalu88400Malaysia Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products(INTROP) Universiti Putra Malaysia UPMSerdang43400Malaysia

This study investigated the bending,compression as well as the bonding performance of CLT panels made from fast-growing timber species,i.e.,Laran(Neolamarckia cadamba)and Batai(Paraserianthes falcataria).The variables studied were timber species(Laran and Batai),layers of lamination(3-layer and 5-layer),loading direction in bending(in-plane and out-of-plane),loading direction in compression(x-,y-,and z-axis)and different treatment conditions for bonding performance *** desired outputs of this study were bending and compression properties(strength and stiffness)as well as bonding performance(block shear strength,wood failure percentage and delamination value).The bending and compression test were conducted according to EN16351:2015 and EN408:2012,*** the other hand,the bonding performance test was determined by block shear and delamination test based on EN16351:2015 and EN14374:2004,*** to block shear test,the samples were subjected to three different treatment *** results showed that CLT made from 3-layer Laran timber,loaded at out-of-plane direction exhibited the highest bending ***,CLT made from 5-layered Batai timber,loaded at in-plane direction showed the lowest bending *** samples for compression loaded at x-axis exhibited the best compressive ***,Laran CLT showed greater bonding performance determined by shear test compared to Batai CLT for both 3-and 5-layer *** the contrary,delamination results showed that Batai CLT demonstrated better bonding performance compared to Laran *** terms of bonding performance measured by wood failure percentage(WFP),most samples under various treatment conditions showed WFP≥80%except for samples under wet condition with WFP≤60%.

关键词： cross-laminated timber plantation timber flexural performance bonding performance

Evaluation of the Out-of-Plane Shear Properties of cross-laminated timber

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2019年第10期7卷 957-965页

作者： Yin Yang Xiaoyan Cao Zhiqiang Wang Zhijun Liang Jianhui Zhou School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China Integrated Wood Engineering University of Northern British ColumbiaPrince GeorgeV2L 1R7Canada.

The out-of-plane shear properties of cross-laminated timber(CLT)substantially influence the overall mechanical properties of *** testing methods and theories related to these properties have recently been *** effects of the number of layers(three and five layers)and testing method(short-span three-and four-point bending tests)on the out-of-plane shear properties of CLT were *** out-of-plane shear strength values were calculated based on different theories for *** failure mode in the short-span four-point bending(FPB)method was mainly the rolling shear(RS)failure in the cross layers,indicating that the FPB method was appropriate to evaluate the RS strength of *** out-of-plane shear capacity obtained using the three-point bending(TPB)method was higher than that tested by the FPB *** testing methods significantly influenced the out-of-plane shear capacity of the three-layer specimens but not that of the five-layer *** an increase in the number of layers,the out-of-plane shear strength of the specimens decreased by 24%.A linear correlation was found among the shear strength values obtained from different theories.

关键词： cross-laminated timber out-of-plane shear properties testing methods failure modes

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of cross-laminated timber with Different Lay-ups Using Japanese Larch

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2019年第10期7卷 941-956页

作者： Yingchun Gong Fenglu Liu Zhaopeng Tian Guofang Wu Haiqing Ren Cheng Guan Research Institute of Forestry New Technology Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing100091China School of Technology Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing10083China

Japanese larch is one of the main plantation tree species in China.A lack of engineered wood products made by Japanese larch,however,limits its application in wood *** this study,based on optimum process parameters,such as pressure(12 MPa),adhesive spread rate(200 g/m^(2))and adhesive(one-component polyurethane),the mechanical properties of Japanese larch-made cross-laminated timber(CLT)with different lay-ups were evaluated by means of the static *** of this study showed that variations in lay-ups significantly affected the mechanical properties of *** strength and modulus of bending and parallel compression for CLT increased with the thickness of lumber,while that of bending,parallel compression and rolling shear all decreased with the number of ***,layup orientation and the number of layers all had an impact on the strength of *** modes obtained from numerical simulation were basically the same as those of experimental *** was also strong alignment between theoretical value and test value for effective bending stifness and shear ***,the shear analogy method can be used to predict the mechanical properties of CLT *** study proved great potential in using Japanese larch wood for manufacturing CLT due to its good mechanical properties.

关键词： cross-laminated timber mechanical properties lay-ups failure mode shear analogy

Understanding the Impacts of Plant Capacities and Uncertainties on the Techno- Economic Analysis of cross-laminated timber Production in the Southern U.S.

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第1期10卷 53-73页

作者： Zhenzhen Zhang Kai Lan Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh27606USA Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh27606USA

Understanding the economic feasibility of cross-laminated timber(CLT),an emerging and sustainable alternative to concrete and steel,is critical for the rapid expansion of the mass timber ***,previous studies on economic performance of CLT have not fully considered the variations in the feedstock,plant capacities,manu-facturing parameters,and capital and operating *** study fills this gap by developing a techno-economic analysis of producing CLT panels in the Southern United *** effects of those variations on minimum sell-ing price(MSP)of CLT panels are explored by Monte Carlo *** results show that,across all the plant capacities from 30,000 to 150,000 m^(3)/year,the MSP ranges from$345 to$609/m^(3) with a±6%–9%range caused by the variations in feedstocks,key manufacturing parameters,capital and operating *** MSP decreases sig-nificantly along the increasing capacities.A sensitivity analysis exhibits that the lumber price,lumber preparing loss,plant capacity,and the installed costs of layering and gluing,finishing,and miscellaneous,are the top driving factors to CLT *** by Geographic Information System,this study also studies the transportation cost of delivering CLT to customers under three CLT demanding levels(1%,5%,15%).The results show that the trans-portation cost is 1%–8%of the *** demanding level or higher plant capacity can increase the transporta-tion cost due to average longer delivering *** considering the delivered cost that sums MSP and transportation cost,larger plant capacity does not necessarily generate lower delivered cost.

关键词： cross-laminated timber techno-economic analysis plant capacity uncertainty minimum selling price

Analysis of Crack Expansion and Morphology of cross-laminated timber Planar Shear Test

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第3期10卷 849-870页

作者： Yujie Huang Yifan Zhang Zheng Wang Assima Dauletbe Yao Lu Zhaoyu Shen College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China College of Civil Engineering Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China

To describe the dynamic cracking process of the CLT vertical layer,the correlation between a load-displacement curve,specimen cracking,and planar shear failure mechanism of the CLT were explored.A three-point bending test and an improved planar shear test are used to evaluate the shear performance of the *** this study,the load-displacement curve is recorded,the experimental part is synchronized with the video,the dynamic process of cracking of the vertical layer is observed and analyzed throughout the *** the load-displacement curve,the image characteristics of the initial cracking and the sudden increase of the cracking of the specimen are *** description results of the whole dynamic process of the CLT vertical layer cracking are analyzed by pla-nar shear strength value,cracking phenomenon,and azimuth angle of cracking *** main conclusions show that the three-point bending test and the improved plain shear test can be used to test the plain shear strength of the CLT,with a difference of only 5.7%.The original crack and the new crack expansion account for 18.9%and 81.1%of the main cracking surface,*** the vertical layer of the CLT specimen under three-point bending has three cracking morphologies,such as radial shake,ring shake,neither along with the radial shake nor along with the ring *** azimuth angle of the cracking surface of the CLT vertical layer under planar shear is quite consistent with the first main plane azimuth of the vertical layer of the CLT specimens under the three-point bending test and the shearing *** shape in the cracking direction of the left half-span or the right half-span of the vertical layer of the specimen is similar to the Chinese character eight.

关键词： cross-laminated timber planar shearing performance three-point bending test improved planar shear test crack expansion dynamic process

Mechanical Experimental Study on Tensile Bolted Connections of cross-laminated timber

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Structural Durability & Health Monitoring 2020年第1期14卷 81-94页

作者： Chenxiao Su Haibei Xiong Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures Tongji UniversityShanghai200092China

In order to explore a kind of high-strength,earthquake-resistant,eco-nomical and suitable connection,4 groups of cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor and wall-to-wall bolted connections were tested under monotonic and cyclic *** defommation characteristics and failure modes of the cross-laminated tim-ber wall-to-floor and wall-to-wall bolted connections were ***-slip curves,bearing capacity,yielding point,stiffness and ductility of each group of specimens were *** test results indicate that the loading process of cross-laminated timber bolted connections under tension can be categorized as five stages,namely the elastic stage,the slip stage,the embedding stage,the yield-ing stage and the ultimate *** ultimate tensile capacity of cross-laminated timber bolted wall-to-floor connections is 2.67 times that of the wall-to-wall bolted *** with cross-laminated timber self-tapping screwed connections,the ultimate tensile capacity of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor bolted connections is 2.70 times that of the self-tapping screwed connec-tions,and the ultimate tensile capacity of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-wall bolted connections is 3.83 times that of the self-tapping screwed *** crosslaminated timber bolted connections have larger yielding displacement and wider plastic range,and they are more energy dissipative and more ***,the cost of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor bolted connec-tions is 46%that of the self-tapping screwed connections,while the cost of cross-laminated wall-to-wall bolted connections is 53%that of the self-screwed connections.

关键词： cross-laminated timber bolted connections mechanical properties economical and suitable

Influence of core stiffness on the behavior of tall timber buildings subjected to wind loads

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2021年第1期15卷 213-226页

作者： Zhouyan XIA Jan-Willem G.VAN DE KUILEN Andrea POLASTRI Ario CECCOTTI Minjuan HE Wood Research Munich Technical University of MunichMunich 80797Germany Tree and timber Institute(IVALSA)of the Italian National Research Council San Michele all’Adige 38010Italy College of Civil Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 100029China

This study analyzes the feasibility of the use of cross-laminated timber(CLT)as a load-bearing structural element in a 40-story building based on Chinese design *** proposed design of the high-rise concrete-CLT building utilizes the core-outrigger *** is used for the central core and outriggers,and CLT is used for the rest of the structure of the *** element models with different types of connections were developed using SAP2000 to analyze the lateral behavior of the building under wind *** finite element models with rigid connections deduce the wind load distributions on individual structural elements,which determine the total number and the stiffness of fasteners of the CLT ***,spring links with equivalent stiffness that simulate the mechanical fasteners were employed in *** results indicate that CLT increases the lateral flexibility of the building.A closed concrete core was substituted by two half cores to measure the requirement of the maximum lateral ***,the acceleration at the building top still exceeded the limitation prescribed in Chinese Code JGJ 3-2010 owing to the lightweight of CLT and decreased stiffness of the hybrid *** restrict this top acceleration within the limit,further approaches to increase the stiffness in the weak direction of the building are *** such as the modification of the floor layout,increase in the thickness of walls,and addition of extra damping capacity should be considered and verified in the future.

关键词： cross-laminated timber tall timber buildings finite element analysis horizontal deflection top acceleration

Influence of Aspect Ratio on Rolling Shear Properties of Fast-Grown Small Diameter Eucalyptus Lumber

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2020年第9期8卷 1053-1066页

作者： Tao Gui Shichen Cai Zhiqiang Wang Jianhui Zhou College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China Integrated Wood Engineering University of Northern British ColumbiaPrince GeorgeV2L 1R7Canada

Eucalyptus is a major fast-grown species in South China,which has the potential for producing structural wood products such as cross-laminated timber(CLT).Aspect ratio(board width *** thickness)of eucalyptus lumbers is small due to the small diameter of fast-grown eucalyptus *** evaluate its rolling shear modulus and strength for potential CLT applications,three-layer hybrid CLT shear block specimens with different aspect ratios(2,4,6),were tested by planar shear test *** image correlation(DIC)was employed to measure the rolling shear strain distribution and development during the planar shear *** mean values of rolling shear modulus and strength of eucalyptus lamination were 260.3%and 88.2%higher than those of SPF(Spruce-pine-fir)lamination with the same aspect ratio of 4,*** rolling shear properties of eucalyptus laminations increased as the aspect ratio *** ratio had a significant influence on rolling shear modulus compared to rolling shear *** high shear strain regions were primarily found around the gaps between segments of cross *** quantity of high shear strain regions increased as the aspect ratio of lamination *** high shear strain regions also occurred around the pith and along the glue *** sudden failure of specimen occurred in the high strain *** conclusion,the rolling shear strength and modulus of fast-grown eucalyptus laminations exceed the respective characteristic values for softwoods in the current standard by roughly factors of 3 and 8,indicating great potential for fast-grown eucalyptus wood cross-layers in CLT.

关键词： Fast-grown eucalyptus cross-laminated timber rolling shear aspect ratio digital image correlation

Seismic performance evaluation of innovative balloon type CLT rocking shear walls

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Resilient Cities and Structures 2022年第1期1卷 44-52页

作者： T.Y.Yang S.Lepine-Lacroix J.A.Ramos Guerrero J.B.W.McFadden M.A.Q.Al-Janabi Department of Civil Engineering The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada Canadian Construction Materials Center National Research Council CanadaOttawaCanada Department of Civil Engineering Al-Nahrain UniversityBaghdadIraq

Balloon type cross laminated timber(CLT)rocking shear walls are a novel seismic force resisting *** this paper,the seismic performance of four 12-story balloon type CLT rocking shear walls,designed by a structural engineering firm located in Vancouver(Canada)using the performance-based design procedure outlined in the technical guideline published by the Canadian Construction Materials center(CCMC)/National Research Council Canada(NRC),is *** seismic performance of the prototype CLT rocking shear walls was investigated using nonlinear time history *** nonlinear finite element models were developed using OpenSees and the nonlinear behavior of the displacement-controlled components was calibrated using available experimental data.A detailed site-specific hazard analysis was conducted and sets of ground motions suitable for the prototype buildings were *** ground motions were used in a series of incremental dynamic analyses(IDAs)to quantify the adjustable collapse margin ratio(ACMR)of the prototype balloon type CLT rocking shear *** results show that the prototype balloon type CLT rocking shear walls designed using the performance-based design procedure outlined in the CCMC/NRC technical guideline have sufficient ACMR when compared to the acceptable limits recommended by FEMA P695.

关键词： cross-laminated timber Rocking shear walls Seismic performance CLT shear walls