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Attacks Against cross-chain Systems and Defense Approaches:A Contemporary Survey

IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2023年第8期10卷 1647-1667页

作者： Li Duan Yangyang Sun Wei Ni Weiping Ding Jiqiang Liu Wei Wang IEEE the Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing 100044China the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security Guilin 541004China the Communications and Signal Processing Team Data61 Business UnitCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO)Sydney NSW 2109Australia the School of Information Science and Technology Nantong UniversityNantong 226019China

The blockchain cross-chain is a significant technology for inter-chain interconnection and value transfer among different blockchain ***-chain overcomes the“information island”problem of the closed blockchain network and is increasingly applied to multiple critical areas such as finance and the internet of things(IoT).Blockchain can be divided into three main categories of blockchain networks:public blockchains,private blockchains,and consortium ***,there are differences in block structures,consensus mechanisms,and complex working mechanisms among heterogeneous *** fragility of the cross-chain system itself makes the cross-chain system face some potential security and privacy *** paper discusses security defects on the cross-chain implementation mechanism,and discusses the impact of the structural features of blockchain networks on cross-chain *** terms of cross-chain intercommunication,a cross-chain attack can be divided into a multi-chain combination attack,native chain attack,and inter-chain attack *** various security threats and attack paths faced by the cross-chain system are *** last,the corresponding security defense methods of cross-chain security threats and future research directions for cross-chain applications are put forward.

关键词： Blockchain cross-chain defense distributed private key control hash-locking notary security threats sidechain/relay

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A notary group-based cross-chain mechanism

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Digital Communications and Networks 2022年第6期8卷 1059-1067页

作者： Anping Xiong Guihua Liu Qingyi Zhu Ankui Jing Seng W.Loke School of Computer Science and Technology Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChongqing400065China School of Cyber Security and Information Law Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChongqing400065China School of Information Technology Deakin UniversityVictoria3125Australia

As an emerging distributed technology, blockchain has begun to penetrate into many fields such as finance, healthcare, supply chain, intelligent transportation. However, the interoperability and value exchange between different independent blockchain systems is restricting the expansion of blockchain. In this paper, a notary group-based cross-chain interaction model is proposed to achieve the interoperability between different blockchains. Firstly, a notary election mechanism is proposed to choose one notary from the notary group to act as a bridge for cross-chain transactions. Secondly, a margin pool is introduced to limit the misconduct of the elected notary and ensure the value transfer between the involved blockchains. Moreover, a reputation based incentive mechanism is used to encourage members of the notary group to participate in cross-chain transactions. Ethereum-based experiments demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can provide an acceptable performance for cross-chain transactions and provide a higher security level than ordinary cross-chain mechanisms.

关键词： Blockchain cross-chain Notary group Reputation ranking Incentive mechanisms

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Research on cross-chain and interoperability for blockchain system

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The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 2021年第5期28卷 1-17,26页

作者： Li Ming Qiu Honglin Xu Quanqing Song Wenpeng Liu Baixiang Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China School of Computer Science Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China China Electronics Standardization Institute Beijing 100007China Ant Group Hangzhou 310063China

At present, there is an urgent need for blockchain interoperability technology to realize interconnection between various blockchains, data communication and value transfer between blockchains, so as to break the ‘value silo’ phenomenon of each blockchain. Firstly, it lists what people understand about the concept of interoperability. Secondly, it gives the key technical issues of cross-chain, including cross-chain mechanism, interoperability, eventual consistency, and universality. Then, the implementation of each cross-chain key technology is analyzed, including Hash-locking, two-way peg, notary schemes, relay chain scheme, cross-chain protocol, and global identity system. Immediately after that, five typical cross-chain systems are introduced and comparative analysis is made. In addition, two examples of cross-chain programmability and their analysis are given. Finally, the current state of cross-chain technology is summarized from two aspects: key technology implementation and cross-chain application enforcement. The cross-chain technology as a whole has formed a centralized fixed mechanism, as well as a trend of modular design, and some of the solutions to mature applications were established in the relevant standards organizations, and the cross-chain technology architecture tends to be unified, which is expected to accelerate the evolution of the open cross-chain network that supports the real needs of the interconnection of all chains.

关键词： blockchain distributed ledger technology cross-chain interoperability Hash-locking notary relay multi-chain

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Reaching consensus for membership dynamic in secret sharing and its application to cross-chain

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High-Confidence Computing 2023年第3期3卷 50-60页

作者： Yan Zhu Bingyu Li Zhenyang Ding Yang Yang Qianhong Wu Haibin Zheng School of Cyber Science and Technology Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Hangzhou Innovation Institute Beihang UniversityHangzhou 310051China Key Laboratory of Cryptography of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou 311121China

The communication efficiency optimization,censorship resilience,and generation of shared randomness are inseparable from the threshold cryptography in the existing Byzantine Fault Tolerant(BFT)*** membership in consensus in a blockchain scenario supports dynamic changes,which effectively prevents the corruption of consensus *** in cross-chain protocols,the dynamic access to different blockchains will inevitably bring about the demand for member *** existing threshold cryptography schemes rely on redefined key shares,leading to a static set of secret sharing *** this paper,we propose a general approach to coupling blockchain consensus and dynamic secret *** committee performs consensus confirmation of both dynamic secret sharing and transaction *** scheme facilitates threshold cryptography membership dynamic,thus underlying support for membership dynamic of threshold cryptographybased BFT consensus *** instantiate a dynamic HotStuff consensus to demonstrate the effectiveness of the *** the correctness and security proof,our scheme achieves the secrecy and integrity of the threshold key shares while ensuring consensus liveness and *** results prove that our scheme obtains dynamic membership with negligible overhead.

关键词： Threshold cryptography Byzantine fault tolerant cross-chain Consensus Dynamic secret sharing

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A verifiable and efficient cross-chain calculation model for charging pile reputation

High-Confidence Computing

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High-Confidence Computing 2024年第2期4卷 105-115页

作者： Cui Zhang Yunhua He Bin Wu Hui Yang Ke Xiao Hong Li School of Information Science and Technology North China University of TechnologyBeijing 100144China School of Electronic Engineering Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing 100876China Institute of Information Engineering Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100195China

To solve the current situation of low vehicle-to-pile ratio,charging pile(CP)operators incorporate private CPs into the shared charging ***,the introduction of private CP has brought about the problem of poor service *** is a common service evaluation scheme,in which the third-party reputation scheme has the issue of single point of failure;although the blockchain-based reputation scheme solves the single point of failure issue,it also brings the challenges of storage and query *** is a feasible solution to classify and store information on multiple chains,and at this time,reputation needs to be calculated in a cross-chain *** reputation calculation faces the problems of correctness verification,integrity verification and ***,this paper proposes a verifiable and efficient cross-chain calculation model for CP ***,in this model,we propose a verifiable cross-chain contract calculation scheme that adopts polynomial commitment to solve the problems of polynomial damage and tampering that may be encountered in the crosschain process of outsourced polynomials,so as to ensure the integrity and correctness of polynomial *** addition,the miner selection and incentive mechanism algorithm in this scheme ensures the correctness of extracted information when the outsourced polynomial is calculated on the *** security analysis and experimental results demonstrate that this scheme is feasible in practice.

关键词： Blockchain Shared charging Reputation cross-chain Verifiable

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A Systematic Review of Blockchain Technology for Government Information Sharing

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第1期74卷 1161-1181页

作者： Lu Zhang Jiarong Mao Yuting An Tianshuo Zhang Jixin Ma Chen Feng Xiaoyi Zhou School of Cyberspace Security Hainan UniversityHaikou570100China College of Computer Science University of GreenwichLondonSE109LSUnited Kingdom School of Engineering University of British ColumbiaVancouverV5K—V6ZCanada

Government information sharing(GIS)refers to that act of required or provided for duty government information,commercial information and public welfare information,and it is a basic issue of government ***,the existing GIS has low transparency and is lack of flexibility between different *** at such problems,this paper takes blockchain as a solusion,and systematically summarizes the development of digital GIS,the advantages and challenges of blockchain and its theoretical research and practical ***,it reviews e-government interactive structure,big data and other solutions,analyses their imperfections,and puts forward blockchain-based *** blockchain improves government service efficiency and data security,meanwhile it faces challenges in throughput and *** order to meet these challenges,researchers propose solutions based on three data exchange scenarios:government-to-government,government-to-enterprise and *** addition to researches,blockchain-based GIS is put into *** electronic licensing project of Nanjing(China)government is taken as an example to illustrate that blockchain has the ability to openly and securely verify,track,and exchange data,so as to improve management ability and public service level of government agencies.

关键词： Blockchain information sharing government cross-chain

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Deletion and Recovery Scheme of Electronic Health Records Based onMedical Certificate Blockchain

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第7期76卷 849-859页

作者： Baowei Wang Neng Wang Yuxiao Zhang Zenghui Xu Junhao Zhang School of Computer and Software Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing210044JiangsuChina Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics Ministry of EducationNanjing210044JiangsuChina

The trusted sharing of Electronic Health Records(EHRs)can realize the efficient use of medical data *** speaking,EHRs are widely used in blockchain-based medical data *** are valuable private assets of patients,and the ownership belongs to *** recent research has shown that patients can freely and effectively delete the EHRs stored in hospitals,it does not address the challenge of record sharing when patients revisit *** order to solve this problem,this paper proposes a deletion and recovery scheme of EHRs based on Medical Certificate *** paper uses cross-chain technology to connect the Medical Certificate Blockchain and the Hospital Blockchain to real-ize the recovery of deleted *** the same time,this paper uses the Medical Certificate Blockchain and the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS)to store Personal Health Records,which are generated by patients visiting different medical *** addition,this paper also combines digital watermarking technology to ensure the authenticity of the restored electronic medical *** the combined effect of blockchain technology and digital watermarking,our proposal will not be affected by any other rights throughout the *** analysis and security analysis illustrate the completeness and feasibility of the scheme.

关键词： Electronic health records cross-chain medical certificate blockchain data deletion and recovery

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Securing multi-chain consensus against diverse miner behavior attacks in blockchain networks

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2024年第4期25卷 540-554页

作者： Wenbo ZHANG Tao WANG Chaoyang ZHANG Jingyu FENG School of Cyberspace Security Xi’an University of Posts and TelecommunicationsXi’an 710121China Postal Savings Bank of China Xi’an 710000China

As cross-chain technologies enable interactions among different blockchains(hereinafter“chains”),multi-chain consensus is becoming increasingly important in blockchain ***,more attention has been paid to single-chain consensus ***-chain consensus schemes with trusted miner participation have not been considered,thus offering opportunities for malicious users to launch diverse miner behavior(DMB)attacks on different *** attackers can be friendly in the consensus process on some chains,called mask chains,to enhance their trust value,while on others,called kill chains,they engage in destructive behaviors on the *** this paper,we propose a multi-chain consensus scheme named Proof-of-DiscTrust(PoDT)to defend against DMB *** idea of distinctive trust(DiscTrust)is introduced to evaluate the trust value of each user across different *** trustworthiness of a user is split into local and global trust values.A dynamic behavior prediction scheme is designed to enforce DiscTrust to prevent an intensive DMB attacker from maintaining strong trust by alternately creating true or false blocks on the kill *** trusted miner selection algorithms for multi-chain environments can be implemented to select network miners,chain miners,and chain miner leaders,*** results show that PoDT is secure against DMB attacks and more effective than traditional consensus schemes in multi-chain environments.

关键词： Blockchain cross-chain Trust mechanism Multi-chain consensus

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HBRO: A Registration Oracle Scheme for Digital Rights Management Based on Heterogeneous Blockchains

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Communications and Network 2022年第1期14卷 45-67页

作者： Ri Ouyang College of Information Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China

As the Internet enters the era of big data, massive amounts of data are flooding people’s mobile phones and computers. The emerging self-media industry produces many videos every day, which also exposes many security issues in digital rights management (DRM). The works of original creators can easily be infringed on public networks, and it is urgent to protect the copyright of digital content. Traditional digital rights management (TDRM) has many problems, including unqualified copyright confirmation, difficulty obtaining evidence, long time-consuming, high price, and high centralization. The combination of blockchain technology and digital rights management is one of the most popular blockchain application scenarios, the characteristics of the blockchain match DRM market demand. This paper proposes a registration oracle scheme for digital rights management based on heterogeneous blockchains, HBRO, which uses review and voting as a means to judge whether a work can be registered for copyright. HBRO is more rigorous than TDRM and DDRM in the copyright confirmation stage, rejecting many unnecessary and unqualified contents. In addition, a secure cross-chain solution is used to ensure the integrity and correctness of data transmission on heterogeneous blockchains.

关键词： Blockchain DRM cross-chain Blockchain Oracle Smart Contract

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