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Principal axes of M-DOF structures PartⅡ:Dynamic loading

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2003年第1期2卷 39-50页

作者： Zach Liang GeorgeC.Lee Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering University at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA Research Associate Professor Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research University at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA Samuel P.Capen Professor of Engineering

This paper is the second in a two-part series that discusses the principal axes of M-DOF structures subjected to static and dynamic *** primary purpose of this series is to understand the magnitude of the dynamie response of structures to enable better design of structures and response modification devices/*** idealized design condi- tions,the structural responses are obtained by using single directinn input ground motions in the direction of the intended response modification devices/systems,and by assuming that the responses of the structure is deconpleable in three mutual- ly perpendicular *** standard practice has been applied to both new and retrofitted structures using various seis- mic protective *** limited information is available on the effects of neglecting the impact of directional couplings (cross effects of which torsion is a component)of the dynamic response of *** order to quantify such effects,it is necessary to examine the principal axes of structures under both static and dynamic *** this twn-part series,the first paper is concerned with static loading,which provides definitions and fundamental formulations,with the conclusion that cross effects of a statically loaded M-DOF structure resulting from the lack of principal axes are of insignificant magnitude. However,under dynamic or earthquake loading,a relatively small amount of energy transferred across perpendicular direc- tions is accumulated,which may result in significant enlargement of the structural *** paper deals with a formu- lation to define the principal axes of M-DOF structures under dynamic loading and develops quantitative measures to identify cross effects resuhing from the non-existence of principal axes.

关键词： principal axes of M-DOF structures structural response couplings cross effect theoretical base dynamic loading peak response estimation

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Principal axes of M-DOF structures Part I:Static loading

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2002年第2期1卷 293-302页

作者： Zack Liang George C.Lee Department of Civil Structural and Environmental EngineeringUniversity.at BuffaloState University.of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research University at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA

This paper is the first in a two-part series that discusses the principal axes of M-DOF structures subjected to static and dynamic loads. The primary purpose of this series is to understand the magnitude of the dynamic response of structures to enable better design of structures and control modification devices/systems. Under idealized design conditions, the structural responses are obtained by using single direction input ground motions in the direction of the intended control devices/systems, and by assuming that the responses of the structure is decoupleable in three mutually perpendicular directions. This standard practice has been applied to both new and retrofitted structures using various seismic protective systems. Very limited information is available on the effects of neglecting the impact of directional couplings (cross effects - of which torsion is a component) of the dynamic response of structures. In order to quantify such effects, it is necessary to examine the principal axes of structures under both static and dynamic loading. This first paper deals with quantitative definitions of principal axes and “cross effects” of three-dimensional structures under static load by using linear algebra. It shows theoretically that, for three-dimensional structures, such principal axes rarely exist. Under static loading conditions, the cross effect is typically small and negligible from the viewpoint of engineering applications. However, it provides the theoretical base for subsequent quantification of the response couplings under dynamic loads, which is reported in part II of this series.

关键词： principal axes of M-DOF structures structural response couplings cross effect theoretical base

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我国城镇居民收入基尼系数的估计及其群体阶层效应

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社会主义经济理论与实践 2017年第2期 15-24页

作者：胡志军

基于各省城镇居民收入分组数据，通过拟合收入分布方法估计了2008-2012年间各省城镇基尼系数及总体城镇基尼系数。结果发现，城镇总体基尼系数呈现下降趋势，由2008年的0.3415下降到2012年的0.3154；其中，青海和重庆分别是5年间城镇基... 详细信息

基于各省城镇居民收入分组数据，通过拟合收入分布方法估计了2008-2012年间各省城镇基尼系数及总体城镇基尼系数。结果发现，城镇总体基尼系数呈现下降趋势，由2008年的0.3415下降到2012年的0.3154；其中，青海和重庆分别是5年间城镇基尼系数最大和最小的地区。按照基尼系数的完全分解框架，对城镇收入差距进行了按东、中、西地区分组的群体分解，结果表明，城镇收入差距绝大部分来自组内差距；东部地区的阶层效应最为明显，即与中、西部地区相比，东部地区更加趋向于形成一个阶层；进一步按收入分组的群体分解结果也同样表明，城镇收入差距绝大部分来自组内差距，高收入组群体更加趋向于形成一个阶层。而且，我国城镇居民收入分布的群体阶层效应越来越明显。

关键词：收入分组数据基尼系数交叉效应阶层效应 grouped income data Gini coefficient cross effect class effect

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