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craving variations in patients with substance use disorder and gambling during COVID-19 lockdown:The Italian experience

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2022年第3期10卷 882-890页

作者： Maria Chiara Alessi Giovanni Martinotti Domenico De Berardis Antonella Sociali Chiara Di Natale Gianna Sepede Daniela Pia Rosaria Cheffo Laura Monti Pietro Casella Mauro Pettorruso Stefano Sensi Massimo Di Giannantonio Department of Neuroscience ImagingClinical SciencesUniversity G.d'AnnunzioChieti-Pescara 66100Italy Department of Pharmacy PharmacologyClinical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireHertfordshire AL109ABUnited Kingdom National Health Care System Mazzini HospitalTeramo 64100Italy Department of Mental Health UOS Psicologia Ospedaliera Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCSSRome 00118Italy Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services ASL Roma 1Rome 00118Italy

BACKGROUND Following the development of the coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic in Italy,a strict lockdown was imposed from March 9 to May 5,2020.The risks of self-medication through alcohol or psychoactive substance abuse were increased,as well as the tendency to adopt pathological behaviors,such as gambling and internet addiction.AIM To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated containment measures on craving in a group of patients suffering from substance use disorder and/or gambling disorder who were in treatment in outpatient units or in residency programs as inpatients.METHODS One hundred and fifty-three patients completed a structured questionnaire evaluating craving and other behaviors using a visual analogue scale(VAS).Forty-one subjects completed a pencil and paper questionnaire during the interview.The clinician provided an online questionnaire to 112 patients who had virtual assessments due to lockdown restrictions.Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica version 8.0.Quantitative parameters are presented as the mean±SD and qualitative parameters as number and percentage per class.The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check for normality of distributions.Analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc test were employed to analyze differences among subgroup means.The associations between variables were measured using Pearson's correlation.A P value ofcraving between the present and the month before showed VASrelated reductions of craving in 57%,increases in 24%,and no significant change in 19%of the sample.The level of craving was significantly higher(F=4.36;Pcraving for tetrahydrocannabinol was the greatest(4.94,P<0.001)among various preferred substances.CONCLUSION The unexpected result of this study may be explained by a perceived lack of availability of substan

关键词： Substance use disorder Addiction COVID-19 craving Psychopathology

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Effects of acupuncture stimulation on brain activation induced by cue-elicited alcohol craving

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第5期17卷 1059-1064页

作者： Hyeok Gyu Kwon Seong Hun Choi Joon Ho Seo Chae Ha Yang Mi Young Lee Department of Physical Therapy College of Health ScienceEulji UniversityGyeonggiRepublic of Korea Department of Anatomy and Histology College of Oriental MedicineDaegu Haany UniversityGyeongsanRepublic of Korea Department of Rehabilitation Gyeongbuk Regional Rehabilitation HospitalGyeongsanRepublic of Korea Department of Physiology College of Korean MedicineDaegu Haany UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea Department of Physical Therapy College of Biomedical ScienceDaegu Haany UniversityGyeongsanRepublic of Korea

Acupuncture has been shown to be effective on alcohol use disorder.However,the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood.To investigate the effects of Shenmen(HT7)acupoint on brain activation induced by cue-elicited alcohol craving,30 right-handed healthy light to moderate alcohol drinkers were recruited from the community.They were randomly assigned to undergo acupuncture either at HT7(experimental acupoint,n=15)or Jingqu(LU8,control acupoint,n=15)acupoints.This randomized controlled study was performed in Daegu Haany University and Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation,Republic of Korea.Recruitment and data collection were conducted from December 2018 to May 2019.The results showed that after acupuncture at HT7 acupoint,the activation of orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was greatly increased,while the activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was obviously reduced,and subject's craving for alcohol was reduced when he/she seeing alcohol-related video clips involving various alcohols(beer,wine,or soju)or drinking scenarios.Acupuncture at HT7 more greatly reduced subject's alcohol cravings than acupuncture at LU8 acupoint.These findings suggest that acupuncture can improve the self-control of mild to moderate social drinkers through the activation of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,thereby reducing the craving for alcohol.The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Daegu Haany University Korean Medicine Hospital,Republic of Korea(approval No.DHUMC-D-18026-PRO-02)on November 30,2018.

关键词： acupuncture addiction alcohol brain activation craving cue functional MRI Shenmen(HT7)acupoint

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Acupuncture inhibits cue-induced heroin craving and brain activation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2012年第33期7卷 2607-2616页

作者： Xinghui Cai Xiaoge Song Chuanfu Li Chunsheng Xu Xiliang Li Qi Lu School of Acupuncture and Orthopedics Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hefei 230038 Anhui Province China Institute of Acupuncture and Meridians Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hefei 230038 Anhui Province China Medical Imaging Center First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hefei 230031 Anhui Province China

Previous research using functional MRI has shown that specific brain regions associated with drug dependence and cue-elicited heroin craving are activated by environmental cues. craving is an important trigger of heroin relapse, and acupuncture may inhibit craving. In this study, we performed functional MRI in heroin addicts and control subjects. We compared differences in brain activation between the two groups during heroin cue exposure, heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point （ST36） without twirling of the needle, and heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle. Heroin cue exposure elicited significant activation in craving-related brain regions mainly in the frontal lobes and callosal gyri. Acupuncture without twirling did not significantly affect the range of brain activation induced by heroin cue exposure, but significantly changed the extent of the activation in the heroin addicts group. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle significantly decreased both the range and extent of activation induced by heroin cue exposure compared with heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture without twirling of the needle. These experimental findings indicate that presentation of heroin cues can induce activation in craving-related brain regions, which are involved in reward, learning and memory, cognition and emotion. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point can rapidly suppress the activation of specific brain regions related to craving, supporting its potential as an intervention for drug craving.

关键词： acupuncture Zusanli （ST36） heroin addiction cues induction functional MRI craving twirling activation of brain regions traditional Chinese medicine neural regeneration

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Assessing the severity of methamphetamine use disorder beyond the subjective craving report: the role of an attention bias test

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General Psychiatry 2019年第2期32卷 68-74页

作者： Qiongdan Liang Tifei Yuan Xinyu Cao Hao He Jiemin Yang Jiajin Yuar The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLab) Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU) Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China Department of Psychology Tsinghua University Beijing China Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China Da Lian Shan Institute of Addiction Rehabilitation Nanjing China

Background Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most commonly abused illicit psychostimulant drugs and MA use disorder constitutes a universal health concern across the world. Despite many intervention approaches to MA use disorder, the indicator of addiction severity is mainly limited to subjective craving score to drug-related cues, which is influenced by many factors such as social approval and self-masking. Aim The present study investigates whether self-reported craving for drug use in response to MA cues is a reliable indicator for addiction severity in MA users, and then tests the validity of the cue-induced attention bias test in addiction severity assessment. Methods Fifty-two male MA users completed the cueinduced craving test and attention bias task, and were required to report clinical characteristics of addiction severity. For the attention bias test, subjects were required to discriminate the letter superimposed onto MA userelated or neutral scenes. The reaction time delay during MA-use condition relative to neutral condition was used as an index of the attention bias. Results The results showed that 24 of the 52 MA users rated non-zero in cue-induced craving test, and they showed a significant attention bias to drug-related pictures. However, the other 28 users who rated zero in cue-induced craving evaluation showed a similar attention bias to drug-related cues. In addition, the attention bias to MA use-related cues was significantly and positively correlated with the clinical indexes of addiction severity, but the relationship was absent between subjective craving evaluation and the indexes of addiction severity. Conclusion These results suggest that attention bias to MA cues may be a more reliable indicator than experiential craving report, especially when subjective craving is measured in the compulsory rehabilitation centre.

关键词： methamphetamine use disorder beyond subjective craving report Background Methamphetamine(MA)

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Potential neural mechanism of single session transcranial magnetic stimulation on smoking craving

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2020年第7期63卷 60-62页

作者： Kai YUAN Xinwen WEN Shicong WANG Shuang LIU Ziqiang SHAO Min ZHANG Yan XU Longmao CHEN Dahua YU School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuroimaging Ministry of Education Information Processing Laboratory School of Information EngineeringInner Mongolia University of Science and Technology

Dear editor,Roles of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC) in smoking craving and relapse have been highlighted [1–3]. Converging evidence has also showed the therapy of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the left DLPFC for interventions of substance use disorders (SUD)[4, 5]. In present study, we aim to test

关键词： smoking craving rTMS MRI DLPFC

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Circular RNA expression alterations are involved in incubation of morphine craving

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中国药理学与毒理学杂志 2018年第9期32卷 728-729页

作者： YU Hai-lei WEN Di ZHANG Xiu-ning ZHANG Jing-jing SHEN Qian-chao JING Wei-wei CONG Bin MA Chun-ling College of Forensic Medicine Hebei Medical University Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification Shijiazhuang 050017 China

OBJECTIVE Cue-induced drug craving progressively increase after prolong abstinence in animal and human beings.A behavioral phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving is considered as a key reason for drug relapse,but the transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to this incubation are unknown.It has been demonstrated that circular RNAs(circR NAs),act as miR NA sponges,play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and the pathogenesis of disease.The present study aims to explore the transcriptional profiles associated with incubation of morphine craving in nucleus accumbens(NAc),an important brain area previously implicated in drug seeking.METHODS The animal model of the incubation of drug craving was induced by CPP paradigms with six morphine(5 mg·kg-1) injections and 14 d drug abstinence in mice.The brain tissues of NAc were collected after the behavioral tests for circRNA-sequencing by Illumina Hiseq X sequencer.We identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs) by qRT-PCR and used bioinformatics methods for further function analysis.RESULTS The progressive increase of CPP scores during the 14 d drug abstinence indicated the establishment of animal model.The data of circRNA-sequencing reported that 16 circRNAs were significantly altered after 28 d drug abstinence in NAc of morphine treated mice(FC≥2 and P<0.05).Among those circRNAs,9 were significantly up-regulated,while 7 were down-regulated.Furthermore,we subsequently tested circRNAs expression using quantitative real-time PCR,and the consistent data were obtained.The results of KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these genes were enriched for several biological processes,including RNA transport,protein ubiquitination and histone methylation,etc.CONCLUSION These findings provide a unique resource of gene expression data for future studies examining transcriptional mechanisms in NAc that mediate opioids seeking after prolonged withdrawal.

关键词： morphine drug craving incubation circular RNAs KEGG pathway

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Neurobiological mechanisms and related clinical treatment of addiction: a review

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Psychoradiology 2022年第4期2卷 180-189页

作者： Yehong Fang Yunkai Sun Yi Liu Tieqiao Liu Wei Hao Yanhui Liao Department of Psychiatry Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang 310016China Department of Psychiatry&Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University.National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders&National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders.Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health139 Renmin(M)RdChangshaHunan 410011P.R.China

Drug addiction or substance use disorder(SUD),has been conceptualized as a three-stage(i.***.binge/intoxication,withdrawal/negative affect,and preoccupation/anticipation/craving)recurring cycle that involves complex changes in neuroplasticity,reward,motivation,desire,stress,memory,and cognitive control,and other related brain regions and brain circuits.Neuroimaging approaches,including magnetic resonance imaging,have been key to mapping neurobiological changes correlated to complex brain regions of SUD.In this review,we highlight the neurobiological mechanisms of these three stages of addiction.The abnormal activity of the ventral tegmental,nucleus accumbens,and caudate nucleus in the binge/intoxication stage involve the reward circuit of the midbrain limbic system.The changes in the orbitofrontal cortex,dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,amygdala,and hypothalamus emotional system in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve increases in negative emotional states,dysphoric-like effects,and stress-like responses.The dysregulation of the insula and prefrontal lobes is associated with craving in the anticipation stage.Then,we review the present treatments of SUD based on these neuroimaging findings.Finally,we conclude that SUD is a chronically relapsing disorder with complex neurobiological mechanisms and multimodal stages,of which the craving stage with high relapse rate may be the key element in treatment efficacy of SUD.Precise interventions targeting different stages of SUD and characteristics of individuals might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for SUD.

关键词： addiction substance use disorder magnetic resonance imaging neurobiological mechanisms craving treatment

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Psychology of craving

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Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2014年第2期3卷 120-125页

作者： Sushil Sharma Bal Nepal Carolyn S. Moon Anthony Chabenne Azza Khogali Comfort Ojo Esther Hong Rochelle Gaudet Ali Sayed-Ahmad Amanda Jacob Mujtaba Murtuza Michelle Firlit Saint James School of Medicine Anguilla Sub-Campus Bonaire The Netherlands School of Public Health University of Texas Health Sciences at Houston Houston USA

craving is a complex psychological condition characterized by impaired dietary intake, sleep disturbance, sexual dysfunction, and drug abuse. craving may be associated with risk-taking reckless behavior to seek pleasure including cigarette smoking, binge alcohol drinking, and illicit drug abuse (e.g. cocaine, methamphetamine, methylene deoxy meth-amphetamine (MDMA), ecstasy, morphine and heroine). craving for food, sex and drugs involves the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Thus, basic understanding of craving is exceedingly important for the better clinical management of major depression, hopelessness, and poor quality of life among young adolescents, as well as morbidity and early mortality among adults. Physical, psychological, nutritional, and medical rehabilitation may be helpful in the effective clinical management of patients with craving of any age, sex and race. Further studies on the psychology of craving will curb the number of hospital admissions as several victims of drug craving develop schizophrenia later in their life, if they remain untreated.

关键词： craving Drug Seeking Behavior Limbic System Prefrontal Cortex Schizophrenia Morbidity Mortality Drug Addiction Psychotherapy Physical and Nutritional Rehabilitation Charnoly Body

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Relationship of Food craving Behavior with Body Mass Index and Body Composition in Reproductive Age Females

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2017年第7期8卷 699-713页

作者： María-De-Los-Remedios Moreno-Frías Sonya Chaudhari María-Raquel Huerta-Franco Department of Applied Sciences to Work Division of Health Sciences Campus Leon University of Guanajuato Leon Mexico Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City Missouri USA

Objective: To estimate the relationship of Food craving (FC) behavior with females’ Body Mass Index (BMI), and body-composition. Design, setting and participants: A cross-sectional study of 302 reproductive-age women from middle-socioeconomic class was conducted at the Health & Occupational-Environmental Laboratory. Variable Measures: A FC behavior questionnaire (FCQ) was designed and validated in 151 female subjects. This questionnaire evaluated five dimensions: FC-leisure, FC-psychological reactance, FC-depression, FC-anxiety/stress, and FC-anger. Dependent variables were Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) and the body fat mass. Interventions: A second group of 151 women completed the FCQ. Anthropometrical variables were recorded using the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry procedure. Analysis: A multiple regression-analysis using STAT- ISTICS version 7 was performed to determine the relationship of FC behavior with anthropometrical variables described. Results: We demonstrated that 98.7% of women had FC behavior. Women with higher BMI had higher scores of FC-depressions (p = 0.02) and FC-anger (p = 0.007). Food craving behavior (p craving behavior is a common problem in the female population. Food psychological reactance, in addition to another affective alteration that present the population of women are predictor variables for the increase in BMI and in body-fat mass. It is important that health professionals are aware of the affective states of their patients.

关键词： Food craving Behavior Body Mass Index Body Composition Reproductive Age Females

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The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Therapy in craving of Methamphetamine Use

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2015年第2期5卷 177-179页

作者： Peyman Hashemian Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center Ibn-e-Sina Hospital Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran

Introduction: Relapse in methamphetamine dependency is one of the most difficult parts to treat. Therefore treatment of craving for usage is one of the essential sections of treatment in methamphetamine dependency (addiction). This study evaluates the effect of neurofeedback therapy on craving for use. Methods: In this study 20 male patient with methamphetamine dependency who diagnosed on the basis of DSM-V were selected. None of the patients had any psychiatric and neurologic disorder except addiction of methamphetamine. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 10. The first group has taken real neurofeedback therapy sessions while the second has undergone non-real neurofeedback (sham) therapy. Then the two groups have been compared with t-test. Result: The result shows that in the first group (real neurofeedback), craving for methamphetamine use has been decreased significantly whereas in the second group (non-real or sham), the decrease was not significant. Conclusion: Neurofeedback therapy is effective in treatment of craving for methamphetamine use.

关键词： Methamphetamine Neurofeedback craving

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