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Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions against infectious diseases among crisis-affected populations: a scoping review

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2022年第1期11卷 8-26页

作者： Jonathan A.Polonsky Sangeeta Bhatia Keith Fraser Arran Hamlet Janetta Skarp Isaac J.Stopard Stéphane Hugonnet Laurent Kaiser Christian Lengeler Karl Blanchet Paul Spiegel World Health Organization GenevaSwitzerland Institute of Global Health Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonUK Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics Imperial College LondonLondonUK Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute BaselSwitzerland University of Basel BaselSwitzerland Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland Center for Humanitarian Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUSA

Background:Non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)are a crucial suite of measures to prevent and control infectious disease outbreaks.Despite being particularly important for crisis-affected populations and those living in informal settlements,who typically reside in overcrowded and resource limited settings with inadequate access to healthcare,guidance on NPI implementation rarely takes the specific needs of such populations into account.We therefore conducted a systematic scoping review of the published evidence to describe the landscape of research and identify evidence gaps concerning the acceptability,feasibility,and effectiveness of NPIs among crisis-affected populations and informal settlements.Methods:We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed articles published between 1970 and 2020 to collate available evidence on the feasibility,acceptability,and effectiveness of NPIs in crisis-affected populations and informal settlements.We performed quality assessments of each study using a standardised questionnaire.We analysed the data to produce descriptive summaries according to a number of categories:date of publication;geographical region of intervention;typology of crisis,shelter,modes of transmission,NPI,research design;study design;and study quality.Results:Our review included 158 studies published in 85 peer-reviewed articles.Most research used low quality study designs.The acceptability,feasibility,and effectiveness of NPIs was highly context dependent.In general,simple and cost-effective interventions such as community-level environmental cleaning and provision of water,sanitation and hygiene services,and distribution of items for personal protection such as insecticide-treated nets,were both highly feasible and acceptable.Logistical,financial,and human resource constraints affected both the implementation and sustainability of measures.Community engagement emerged as a strong factor contributing to the effectiveness of NPIs.Conversely,measures that involve potential restriction on personal liberty such as

关键词： Disease outbreaks communicable disease control Prevention & control Vulnerable populations Warfare and armed conflicts Disasters Relief work Poverty areas

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Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Associated Factors among Adults in Benin in 2015: Results of the National Survey of Non-communicable Disease Risk Factors

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2018年第3期8卷 130-144页

作者： Alexandrine Houinato Roch Christian Johnson Alphonse Kpozehouen Fernand Guedou Christophe Houssou Dismand S. Houinato Inter Faculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Regional Institute of Public Health University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Chroniques Et Neurologiques (LEMACEN) Faculty of Health Sciences Université d’Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin

Introduction: Tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke are one of the most preventable causes of death and disability worldwide. The risk is even higher among daily tobacco consumers. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that surveillance of major risk factors for non- communicable diseases (NCDs), such as smoking, be imperative to predicting the future burden of NCDs, identifying adequate interventions to decrease future burden and monitor trends. In 2015, a survey on NCD risk factors was conducted in Benin to estimate the prevalence of major NCD risk factors. We analyzed the data from this survey to estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with daily tobacco consumption in Benin. Methods: A nationwide representative sample of the population was constituted in the 12 departments of Benin. The WHO STEPS wise tool was used to collect data on behavioral and demographic characteristics, including daily tobacco consumption. Tobacco consumption was subdivided into three categories: The daily consumption of tobacco, the daily consumption of smoked tobacco and non-smoked tobacco. Multivariate analysis through the weighted logistic regression was used to identify potential factors associated with daily consumption of tobacco. Results: Over the 5.126 surveyed subjects, 7.49% were daily tobacco consumers, with 3.85% being daily users of smoked tobacco and 4.36% being daily consumers of non-smoked tobacco. Men were more likely to be daily consumers of tobacco compared to women (OR = 7.42;95%CI = [4.98;11.06]). Compared to respondents aged 18 to 24, those aged 45 to 54 were five times more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 5.58;95%IC = [2.71;11.47]). Respondents residing in the departments of Atacora, Couffo and Borgou were respectively 4.28 times, 3.93 times and 2.63 times more likely to consume tobacco compared to those residing in the department of Alibori. Respondents with no education were more likely to consume tobacco daily compared to respondents who had finished high school or were in university

关键词： Tobacco Non communicable Diseases STEP Wise Benin

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Self Evaluation in Department of communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

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Health 2014年第16期6卷 2197-2203页

作者： Fereshteh Farzianpour Mahbobeh Hajabdolbaghi Siross Jafary Hamid Emady Kochak Department of Health Management and Economic School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sci-ences Tehran Iran Members of Educational Evaluation Committee of communicable Diseases Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Introduction: Self evaluation is a process that defines and collects required data to judge about decision making issues at educational system on whether the educational department is fit to educate students? The objective of this study was determining the quality of the structural elements of the department of communicable Diseases & determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to improve the quality of activities in the department under research. Materials and Methods: The employed method was Mixed methods (qualitative & quantitative research), on the basis of 10 procedural steps and within 8 sections dealing with evaluated factors;such as 1) organizational and management structure 2) scientific board members 3) students 4) Manpower 5) Space of educational research and health care 6) Equipment 7) curriculum 8) satisfaction of graduates, which were studied using 61 criteria and 172 indicators. Five-point Likert Scale was used for the responses in the questionnaire (1 - 1.75 = undesirable, to 4.2 - 5 completely desirable). Finally the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics indices and the assessment software of the Educational Development Center of TUMS. The instruments used in this method included assessment software, interview, observation and self-prepared questionnaire which consisted of 7 questionnaires and 2 check lists. Finding: The results of the research showed that general average of 8 investigating sections was 56.9% as a rather desirable research work. Conclusions: Therefore, it was concluded that function of the educational management in that group was directly in line with evaluation process, but continuing the process of evaluation seems necessary.

关键词： Self Evaluation Department of communicable Diseases Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Educational Management

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Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: Challenges and opportunities for militaries

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Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China) 2014年第2期29卷 125-136页

作者： Zheng Jie Marc Ho Yi Fu Jeff Hwang Jian Ming Vernon Lee Biodefence Centre Headquarters of the Medical CorpsSingapore Armed Forces701 Transit Road#04-01Singapore 778910Singapore

The communal nature of living and training environments, alongside suboptimal hygiene and stressors in the field, place military personnel at higher risk of contracting emerging infectious diseases. Some of these diseases spread quickly within ranks resulting in large outbreaks, and personnel deployed are also often immunologically na?ve to otherwise uncommonly-encountered pathogens. Furthermore, the chance of weaponised biological agents being used in conventional warfare or otherwise remains a very real, albeit often veiled, threat. However, such challenges also provide opportunities for the advancement of preventive and therapeutic military medicine, some of which have been later adopted in civilian settings. Some of these include improved surveillance, new vaccines and drugs, better public health interventions and inter-agency co-operations. The legacy of successes in dealing with infectious diseases is a reminder of the importance in sustaining efforts aimed at ensuring a safer environment for both military and the community at large.

关键词： communicable diseases emerging infectious disease

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Diabetes in migrants and ethnic minorities in a changingWorld

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World Journal of Diabetes 2016年第3期7卷 34-44页

作者： luca montesi maria turchese caletti giulio marchesini Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital“Alma Mater Studiorum”UniversityI-40138 BolognaItaly

On a worldwide scale, the total number of migrants exceeds 200 million and is not expected to reduce, fuelled by the economic crisis, terrorism and wars, generating increasing clinical and administrative problems to National Health Systems. Chronic non-communicable diseases(NCD), and specifically diabetes, are on the front-line, due to the high number of cases at risk, duration and cost of diseases, and availability of effective measures of prevention and treatment. We reviewed the documents of International Agencies on migration and performed a Pub Med search of existing literature, focusing on the differences in the prevalence of diabetes between migrants and native people, the prevalence of NCD in migrants vs rates in the countries of origin, diabetes convergence, risk of diabetes progression and standard of care in migrants. Even in universalistic healthcare systems, differences in socioeconomic status and barriers generated by the present culture of biomedicine make high-risk ethnic minorities under-treated and not protected against inequalities. Underutilization of drugs and primary care services in specific ethnic groups are far from being money-saving, and might produce higher hospitalization rates due to disease progression and complications. Efforts should be made to favor screening and treatment programs, to adapt education programs to specific cultures, and to develop community partnerships.

关键词： Migrants Ethnic minorities Diabetes Health Systems Non communicable diseases Genetics Socioeconomic development Social determinants

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China's great wall, Israel's Bar Lev Line, and passive infectious disease surveillance

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Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China) 2014年第2期29卷 77-79页

作者： Maha A Elbadry Mary M Merrill Meng-Meng Ma Mai-Juan Ma Jia-Hai Lu Wu-Chun Cao Gregory C Gray One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training College of Public Health and Health Professions University of Florida P.O. Box 100188Gainesville FL 32610 USA School of Public Health Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research Ministry of Education Sun Yat-sen University State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology

Emerging infectious diseases are some of modern society's greatest threats. Like some great construction efforts designed to protect mankind, current public health measures against these emerging pathogens have not always been successful. This paper highlights the importance of embracing new interdisciplinary approaches towards emerging pathogen threats. One such approach, termed One Health, is quickly being embraced by professional organizations and public health institutions across the world as a way forward. This paper briefly discusses the above problems and preliminary steps taken by Chinese academic institutions to embrace the One Health approach.

关键词： zoonoses communicable diseases emerging epidemiolo

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Hepatitis E: Discovery, global impact, control and cure

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第31期22卷 7030-7045页

作者： Mohammad S Khuroo Mehnaaz S Khuroo Naira S Khuroo Digestive Diseases Centre Dr. Khuroo's medical Clinic Srinagar Kashmir 190010 India Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Srinagar Kashmir 190010 India Department of Pathology Govt. Medical College Srinagar Kashmir 190001 India

Hepatitis E was identified as an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis from Kashmir, India in 1978. Hepatitis E virus(HEV), the etiological agent is the sole member of family Hepeviridae. The virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout. Hepatitis E is a disease with a major global impact and has two distinct epidemiological patterns. Hepatitis E is an imperative health issue in developing nations, transmitted through sullied water and happens most every now in young adults. The disease is particularly severe during pregnancy and in people with underlying liver cirrhosis. Autochthonous hepatitis E is increasingly recognized in developed countries. The virus infects domestic pigs, wild boar and Sika deer in these countries. HEV infections in humans occur by eating the undercooked game flesh, raw liver from supermarkets and Figatelli sausages. Blood transfusion-associated HEV infections occur in many countries and screening of donors for HEV RNA is under consideration. Hepatitis E causes a number of extrahepatic diseases, including a wide spectrum of neurological syndromes. HEV genotype 3 causes prolonged viremia, chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in organ transplant patients. The virus is amenable to ribavirin monotherapy and most patients clear the virus in a few weeks. Hepatitis E vaccine-239, marketed in China, has shown high efficacy with sustained protection for over four years.

关键词： communicable diseases Discovery Hepatitis E Hepatitis E virus Vaccine Zoonosis

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Spectrum of Diseases, Disease Related Mortality and Overall Financial Burden of Hospitalized Patients in Medical Wards of Tertiary Care Public Hospital

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2017年第4期7卷 337-348页

作者： Iftikhar Haider Naqvi Khalid Mahmood Abu Talib Syed Muhammad Kashif Ali Sajjad Department of Medicine Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan

Background: Detailed assessment of pattern of diseases and trend of mortalities tends to aid in formulating pivotal aspects of in-hospital policies, standards of care and so consequently promoting efficient work system. This also reserves limited resources keeping within the limit of financial grasp. The study aims to reimburse the colossal paucity of data covering epidemiological burden of diseases, impact on mortality as well as financial burden in socioeconomically challenged public health system. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional hospital based study conducted in department of Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, from February 2016 to July 2016 using questionnaire based data collection system. Results: Eight thousand and fifty three (8053) cases with almost equal gender proportion were analyzed. Chronic liver disease (CLD) was the most rampant disease, followed by cerebrovascular accident (CVA), tuberculosis and diabetes. Overall 51% cases were attributed to infectious diseases. Overall the average percentage mortality was found to be 20% of all cases. Mean duration of stay was 7.56 ± 7 days. Estimated average total in-hospital expenditure per patient on each visit or stay was 159.15 ± 41.2 $USD (16670.96 ± 4315.7 PKR). Average total diagnostic and medications costs per visit or stay were 89.74 ± 31.2 $USD (9400.26 ± 3268.2 PKR) and 48.68 ± 18.0 $USD (5099.23 ± 1885.5 PKR) respectively. Conclusion: Chronic liver disease, cerebrovascular accident and diabetes were most frequent reasons of hospital admission and mortality. Recognition of most common and fatal diseases with their expenditure is going to lead to formulation of targeted policies both of which would be effective and efficient.

关键词： communicable Diseases Mortality Health Economics Epidemiology Infectious Diseases

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A Brief Talk on How to Promote China Health and Quarantine at Points of Entry in the Framework of Global Health

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口岸卫生控制 2018年第4期23卷 1-7,14页

作者：王晓中黄琳于畅臧宇婷 Dalian Customs(Pro-Liaoning Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau) Dalian Friendship Hospital Liaoning International Travel Health Care Center

Global health concerns about the health of the global population and the concepts of global health are gradually being accepted by all of the countries in the world.China health and quarantine at points of entry(POEs) is an integral part of global health,and its duty of prevention and control of the communicable diseases in POEs is consistent with the duty of global health to promote the health of global population.Under the principle of "prevention first",health and quarantine organ carries out the work of disease prevention and control and international travel health care,the reinforcement of core capacity at POEs,and focuses on human rights protection.All the same,there are some gaps with the requirements of global health,such as the inadequate of health promotion planning capacity,ethics awareness and legal protection.The future work of health and quarantine should change ideas on communicable diseases prevention at POEs,focus more on ethical consideration,and should optimize system architecture and human resources,strengthen cooperation,maintain core capacity at POEs,thus to build points of entry public health system with Chinese characteristics,meanwhile to apply the concepts of global health deeply into every aspects of health and quarantine at POEs.

关键词： global health health and quarantine POEs communicable disease core capacity

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Medical errors, infection-control breaches and the use of adulterated and misbranded medical devices

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World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012年第2期2卷 13-27页

作者： Lawrence F Muscarella Custom Ultrasonics Inc.

Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within the past few years,resulting in the notification of approximately 20 000 patients.These medical errors,the specific infection-control standards they breached,and assessments of the risk of infection associated with each are discussed.Other topics discussed include the Food and Drug Administration’s(FDA)regulation of medical devices and infection-control products;the use of adulterated,misbranded,and investigational devices;consent decrees and associated Certificates of Medical Necessity;and informed patient consent.Focus is placed on liquid chemical sterilization,its history,and the FDA’s recent censure and discontinuation of a medical device labeled with this claim,namely,the STERIS System 1 processor.Recommendations are provided for healthcare facilities,regulatory agencies,manufacturers of reusable medical devices,and professional healthcare organizations and administrations to improve public health and prevent healthcareassociated infections.

关键词： Infection control Sterilization Disinfection Disease notification Infectious disease transmission communicable disease control Decontamination Medical errors Government regulation Equipment and supplies,hospital Aseptic technique Liquid chemical sterilization

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