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Internal Microanatomy and Zoological Affinity of the Early Cambrian Olivooides

Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第1期90卷 38-65页

作者： Han Jian LI Guoxiang KUBOTA Shin OU Qiang TOSHINO Sho WANG Xing YANG Xiaoguang UESUGI Kentaro MASATO Hoshino SASAKI Osamu KANO Harumasa SATO Tomohiko KOMIYA Tsuyoshi Early Life Institute and Department of Geology and State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Northwest University229 Taibai RoadXi'an 710069China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Field Science Education and Research CenterKyoto UniversityShirahamaNishimuroWakayama 649-2211Japan Early Life Evolution Laboratory School of Earth Sciences and ResourcesChina.University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences Kitasato University1-15-1 KitasatoSagamiharaKanagawa 252-0373Japan Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute(JASRI)1-1-1 Kouto Sayo-choSayo-gunHyogoJapan Tohoku University Museum Tohoku University6-3 AobaAramakiAoba-kuSendaiJapan Department of Earth Science and Astronomy Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyo 153-8902Japan

The early Cambrian pentamerous microfossil Olivooides/Punctatus in South China, which is characterized by a diagnostic stellate tubular apex, has been well-known for its almost complete development sequence that can be confidently traced from embryos and hatched juveniles, to conical adults. However, its zoological affinity remains highly controversial. Here we describe the internal microanatomic structures of the soft-body inside the peridermal theca of Olivooides multisulcatus Qian, 1977, including interradial pairs of tentacles, adradial and perradial frenula, perradial oral marginal lappets and twins of perradial gastric saccule-like humps as well as a circular velarium with striated coronal muscles. Particularly, one specimen shows bifurcated velarial canals along the bell aperture. Both the components of the soft-body and the external theca （or cyst） are arranged in perfect pentaradial symmetry. These characteristics are more compatible with those of living cubomedusans and co-occurring Cambrian athecate embryonic cubozoans. Concerning the presence of peridermal theca, Olivooides most likely represents an extinct thecate stem-group cubomedusae but devoid of both perradial eyes and specialized pedalia. The well-grown soft body inside the peridermal tube displays a set of mixed features of both polyp and medusa.

关键词： Embryos periderm cnidarians cubozoan early Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation

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Diverse radial symmetry among the Fortunian(lowermost Cambrian) fossil embryos from South China

Diverse radial symmetry among the Fortunian(lowermost Cambri...

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中国古生物学会微体学分会第十七次学术年会–中国古生物学会化石藻类专业委员会第十八次学术年会

作者： XIAN Xiaofeng ZHANG Huaqiao LIU Yunhuan SHAO Tiequan ZHANG Yanan State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Science and Technology of China School of Earth Science and Resources Chang'an University

The Fortunian fossil embryos exhibit the embryonic development of ancient animals at the lowermost Cambrian, thus they have important significance in evolutionary developmental biology. They have radial symmetry as a fundamental body plan, and may be early representatives of cnidarians. Here we report new material of three-dimensionally phosphatized fossil embryos from the Fortunian Kuanchuanpu Formation and coeval strata in northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi Provinces, South China. The new material includes previously reported fossil embryos assignable to Pseudooides prima with biradial symmetry or pseudo-hexaradial symmetry, Quadrapyrgites quadratacris with tetraradial symmetry, and Olivooides multisulcatus with pentaradial symmetry. Stereo light microscope reveals that, during the embryonic development of Olivooides multisulcatus, the emergence of pentaradial oral lobes predates that of the stellate structures. More important is the recovery of two new types of fossil embryos, i.e., Embryo I with hexaradial symmetry and Embryo Ⅱ with octaradial symmetry, and they are suggested to represent two new types of cnidarians. In contrast to the diverse radial symmetry of the Fortunian cnidarians, modern cnidarians exhibit mainly tetraradial symmetry, with exceptions of biradial symmetry in anthozoans and bilateral symmetry in siphonophores(Hydrozoa). Therefore, the tetraradial symmetry that is common in modern cnidarians is just an evolutionary relic derived from their ancestors in the Fortunian Stage.

关键词： Pseudooides Quadrapyrgites Olivooides fossil embryos cnidarians Cambrian Fortunian Stage

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