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Parameterization and Explicit Modeling of cloud microphysics:Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第5期40卷 747-790页

作者： Yangang LIU Man-Kong YAU Shin-ichiro SHIMA Chunsong LU Sisi CHEN Environmental and Climate Sciences Department Brookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA Department of Atmospheric Sciences McGill UniversityMontrealH3A 0B8Canada Graduated School of Information Science University of HyogoKobe 650-0047Japan College of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China National Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderCO80307USA

cloud microphysical processes occur at the smallest end of scales among cloud-related processes and thus must be parameterized not only in large-scale global circulation models(GCMs)but also in various higher-resolution limited-area models such as cloud-resolving models(CRMs)and large-eddy simulation(LES)models.Instead of giving a comprehensive review of existing microphysical parameterizations that have been developed over the years,this study concentrates purposely on several topics that we believe are understudied but hold great potential for further advancing bulk microphysics parameterizations:multi-moment bulk microphysics parameterizations and the role of the spectral shape of hydrometeor size distributions;discrete vs“continuous”representation of hydrometeor types;turbulence-microphysics interactions including turbulent entrainment-mixing processes and stochastic condensation;theoretical foundations for the mathematical expressions used to describe hydrometeor size distributions and hydrometeor morphology;and approaches for developing bulk microphysics parameterizations.Also presented are the spectral bin scheme and particle-based scheme(especially,super-droplet method)for representing explicit microphysics.Their advantages and disadvantages are elucidated for constructing cloud models with detailed microphysics that are essential to developing processes understanding and bulk microphysics parameterizations.Particle-resolved direct numerical simulation(DNS)models are described as an emerging technique to investigate turbulence-microphysics interactions at the most fundamental level by tracking individual particles and resolving the smallest turbulent eddies in turbulent clouds.Outstanding challenges and future research directions are explored as well.

关键词： cloud microphysics parameterizations systems theory bin microphysics particle-based microphysics particleresolved direct numerical simulations

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Improvement of cloud microphysical parameterization and its advantages in simulating precipitation along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第3期67卷 856-873页

作者： Xiaoqi XU Zhiwei HENG Yueqing LI Shunjiu WANG Jian LI Yuan WANG Jinghua CHEN Peiwen ZHANG Chunsong LU China Meteorological Administration Transportation Meteorology Key Laboratory Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric SciencesNanjing 210041China Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Institute of Plateau MeteorologyCMAChengdu 610072China State Key Laboratory of Disaster Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD) Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China

The Sichuan-Xizang Railway is an important part of the railway network in China, and geological disasters, such as mountain floods and landslides, frequently occur in this region. Precipitation is an important cause of these disasters;therefore,accurate simulation of the precipitation in this region is highly important. In this study, the descriptions for uncertain processes in the cloud microphysics scheme are improved;these processes include cloud droplet activation, cloud-rain autoconversion, rain accretion by cloud droplets, and the entrainment-mixing process. In the default scheme, the cloud water content of different sizes corresponds to the same cloud droplet concentration, which is inconsistent with the actual content;this results in excessive cloud droplet size, unreasonable related conversion rates of microphysical process(such as cloud-rain autoconversion), and an overestimation of precipitation. Our new scheme overcomes the problem of excessive cloud droplet size. The processes of cloudrain autoconversion and rain accretion by cloud droplets are similar to the stochastic collection equation, and the mixing mechanism of cloud droplets is more consistent with that occurred during the actual physical process in the cloud. Based on the new and old schemes, multiple precipitation processes in the flood season of 2021 along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway are simulated, and the results are evaluated using ground observations and satellite data. Compared to the default scheme, the new scheme is more suitable for the simulation of cloud physics, reducing the simulation deviation of the liquid water path and droplet radius from 2 times to less than 1 time and significantly alleviating the overestimation of precipitation intensity and range of precipitation center. The average root-mean-square error is reduced by 22%. Our results can provide a scientific reference for improving precipitation forecasting and disaster prevention in this region.

关键词： The Sichuan-Xizang Railway cloud microphysics Precipitation Model improvement

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Semi-Idealized Modeling of Lightning Initiation Related to Vertical Air Motion and cloud microphysics

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2017年第5期31卷 976-986页

作者： fei wang yijun zhang dong zheng liangtao xu wenjuan zhang qing meng state key laboratory of severe weather chinese academy of meteorological sciencesBeijing 100081 laboratory of lightning physics and protection engineering chinese academy of meteorological sciencesBeijing 100081

A three-dimensional charge^lischarge numerical model is used, in a semi-idealized mode, to simulate a thunder- storm cell. Characteristics of the granpel microphysics and vertical air motion associated with the lightning initiation are revealed, which could be useful in retrieving charge strength during lightning when no charge^diseharge model is available, The results show that the vertical air motion at the lightning initiation sites （Wini） has a cubic polynomial correlation with the maximum updraft of the storm cell （WceH_m^x）, with the adjusted regression coefficient R2 of ap- proximately 0.97. Meanwhile, the graupel mixing ratio at the lightning initiation sites （qg-ini） has a linear correlation with the maximum graupel mixing ratio of the storm cell （qg-cell-max） and the initiation height （Zini）, with the coeffi- cients being 0.86 and 0.85, respectively. These linear correlations are more significant during the middle and late stages of lightning activity. A zero-charge zone, namely, the area with very low net charge density between the main positive and negative charge layers, appears above the area of qg-oewm and below the upper edge of the granpel re- gion, and is found to be an important area for lightning initiation. Inside the zero-charge zone, large electric intensity forms, and the ratio of qice （ice crystal mixing ratio） to qg （graupel mixing ratio） illustrates an exponential relation- ship to qg-ini. These relationships provide valuable clues to more accurately locating the high-risk area of lightning initiation in thunderstorms when only dual-polarization radar data or outputs from numerical models without char- ging/discharging schemes are available. The results can also help understand the environmental conditions at light- ning initiation sites.

关键词： lightning initiation graupel ice crystal vertical air motion cloud microphysics

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Kinematics and Microphysical Characteristics of the First Intense Rainfall Convective Storm Observed by Jiangsu Polarimetric Radar Network

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2022年第2期28卷 169-182页

作者：王坤夏昕梅一清蒋宁万齐林李敏顾沛澍彭小燕 Nantong Meteorological Bureau NantongJiangsu 226000 China Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Weather Research Center for Monitoring Warning and Forecasting ShenzhenGuangdong 518000 China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather(LASW)and Institute of Climate System Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081 China Haimen Meteorological Bureau NantongJiangsu 226100 China

The polarimetric radar network in Jiangsu Province has just been operationalized since 2020.The first intense precipitation event observed by this polarimetric radar network and disdrometer occurred during August 28-29,2020 and caused severe flooding and serious damage in eastern Jiangsu Province.The microphysics and kinetics for this heavy precipitation convective storm is diagnosed in this study,in order to promote the application of this polarimetric radar network.Drop size distribution(DSD)of this event is estimated from measurements of a ground disdrometer,and the corresponding three-dimensional atmospheric microphysical features are obtained from the multiple polarimetric radars.According to features of updraft and lighting,the evolution of the convective storm is divided into four stages:developing,mature with lightning,mature without lightning and dissipating.The DSD of this event is featured by a large number of raindrops and a considerable number of large raindrops.The microphysical characteristics are similar to those of warm-rain process,and ice-phase microphysical processes are active in the mature stages.The composite vertical structure of the convective storm indicates that deep ZDR and KDP columns coincide with strong updrafts during both mature stages.The hierarchical microphysical structure retrieved by the Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm(HID)shows that depositional growth has occurred above the melting level,and aggregation is the most widespread ice-phase process at the-10℃level or higher.During negative lightning activity,the presence of strongest updrafts and a large amount of ice-phase graupel by riming between the 0℃and-35℃layers generate strong negative electric fields within the cloud.These convective storms are typical warm clouds with very high precipitation efficiency,which cause high concentration of raindrops,especially the presence of large raindrops within a short period of time.The ice-phase microphysical processes above the melting layer also play an important role in the t

关键词： convective storms cloud microphysics lightning warm rain polarimetric S-band radar observations

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A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES ON TYPHOON NIDA(2016) USING A NEW DOUBLE-MOMENT microphysics SCHEME IN THE WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING MODEL

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2018年第2期24卷 123-130页

作者：李喆张玉涛刘奇俊付仕佐马占山 Numerical Weather Prediction Center of CMA Beijing 100081 China National Meteorological Center CMA Beijing 100081 China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China

The basic structure and cloud features of Typhoon Nida(2016) are simulated using a new microphysics scheme(Liuma) within the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. Typhoon characteristics simulated with the Liuma microphysics scheme are compared with observations and those simulated with a commonly-used microphysics scheme(WSM6). Results show that using different microphysics schemes does not significantly alter the track of the typhoon but does significantly affect the intensity and the cloud structure of the typhoon. Results also show that the vertical distribution of cloud hydrometeors and the horizontal distribution of peripheral rainband are affected by the microphysics scheme. The mixing ratios of rain water and graupel correlate highly with the vertical velocity component and equivalent potential temperature at the typhoon eye-wall region. According to the simulation with WSM 6 scheme,it is likely that the very low typhoon central pressure results from the positive feedback between hydrometeors and typhoon intensity. As the ice-phase hydrometeors are mostly graupel in the Liuma microphysics scheme, further improvement in this aspect is required.

关键词： Liuma microphysics scheme typhoon intensity cloud microphysics typhoon structure Weather Research and Forecasting model

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A REVIEW OF POLAR STRATOSPHERIC cloud FORMATION

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China Particuology 2006年第6期4卷 261-271页

作者： Diane V. Michelangeli Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering York University Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada

Liquid and solid particles in polar stratospheric clouds （PSCs） have been known to play a crucial role in the chemical loss of stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic and Arctic regions in late winter and early spring. The stratospheric aerosol and cloud particles provide the sites where fast heterogeneous chemical reactions convert inactive halogen reservoir species into potential ozone destroying radicals. The sedimentation of nitric acid-containing PSC particles irreversibly removes HNO3 gas （denitrification） from the lower stratosphere, which slows the return of chlorine to its inactive forms, resulting in more severe stratospheric ozone destruction. Although these clouds have been investigated extensively during the past decade using in situ field observation, laboratory experiment and modeling studies, the detailed microphysics processes under cold stratospheric conditions are still uncertain. This paper reviews the recent advances in our understanding of PSCs.

关键词： polar stratospheric clouds ozone loss cloud microphysics denitrification atmospheric modeling

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