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Enduring association between irritable bowel syndrome and war trauma during the Nicaragua civil war period:A population-based study

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023年第45期29卷 5953-5961页

作者： Edgar M Peña-Galo Daniel Wurzelmann Javier Alcedo Rodolfo Peña Loreto Cortes Douglas Morgan Department of Digestive Diseases Miguel Servet University HospitalZaragoza 50009AragonSpain Javier Alcedo Aragon Health Research InstituteIIS AragonZaragoza 50009AragonSpain Department of Mental Health Carolina PartnersDurhamNC 27707United States Department of Data Analysis CIDE(ResearchDevelopment and Epidemiology Center)Tegucigalpa 11101Francisco MorazánHonduras School of Medicine National Autonomous University of NicaraguaLeon 21000LeonNicaragua Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology UAB University of Alabama BirminghamBirminghamAL 35233United States School of Medcine The University of North CarolinaChapel HillNC 9500United States

BACKGROUND Psychosocial and physical trauma are known risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),including in war veterans,whereas war exposure in civilians is *** experienced two wars,1970-1990:The Sandinistas Revolution(1970s)and The Contra war(1980s).Our aim was to investigate the role of exposure to war trauma in the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established health surveillance system(11000 households).AIM To investigate in a civilian population the relationship between exposure to war trauma and events and the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established public health and demographic surveillance system in western *** We conducted a nested population-based,cross-sectional study focused on functional gastrointestinal disorders based on Rome II criteria.1617 adults were randomly *** Spanish Rome II Modular Questionnaire and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were validated in *** exposure was assessed with 10 measures of direct and indirect war trauma and post-war *** exposures were defined by≥3 *** The prevalence of IBS was 15.2%[Female(F)17.1%,Male(M)12.0%],war exposure 19.3%(F 9.3%,M 36.7%),and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)5.6%(F 6.4%,M 4.3%).Significant associations with IBS in the civilian population were observed(adjusted by gender,age,socioeconomic status,education):physical and psychological abuse[adjusted odds ratio(aOR):2.25;95%confidence interval:1.1-4.5],witnessed execution(aOR:2.4;1.1-5.2),family member death(aOR:2.2;1.2-4.2),and multiple exposures(aOR:2.7;1.4-5.1).PTSD was independently associated with IBS(aOR:2.6;1.2-5.7).CONCLUSION An enduring association was observed in the Nicaragua civilian population between specific civil war-related events and subsequent *** populations in regions with extended armed conflict may warrant provider education and targeted interventions for patients.

关键词： Irritable bowel syndrome Functional gastrointestinal disorders war trauma civil war Post-traumatic stress disorder Central America

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The Nigerian civil war(1967-1970):New Theories,Old Problem,Fresh Crisis

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2022年第3期10卷 131-139页

作者： Dapo Thomas Lagos State University LagosNigeria

Theories of civil war onset are adjuncts to extant literature on the“correlates of war”.The theories are fresh efforts at explaining and examining the evolution of empirical research on the causes of internal conflict *** theories serve as frameworks to analyse the structural and psychological conditions responsible for the fragility of war within the state,particularly in respect of mobilization and strategic *** article reviews the theories in light of the Nigerian experience and contends that some of the underlying issues that precipitated the Nigerian civil war(1967-1970)still exist and need to be de-established in order to attenuate their resurgent *** article makes a case for constructive and functional integration of the multiple nationalities that make up the Nigerian state as a way of preserving the corporate existence of the *** also submits that perceived injustice is not just injurious to a system;it is capable of causing a dysfunction within the state because of its inflammatory war potential.

关键词： civil war internal conflict resurgent de-established injustice integration

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A Reexamination of the Legacy of Lt. General James Longstreet, CSA

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History Research 2012年第1期2卷 66-72页

作者： Jimi Elizabeth Thomas Virginia Beach Public Schools USA

It is the purpose of this paper to reexamine the systematic process by which James Longstreet became the scapegoat for the defeat of the Battle of Gettysburg and consequently caused the South to lose her chance to become an independent country. James Longstreet played a crucial role in the American civil war. He was Robert E. Lee＇s hand chosen Senior Lt. General, commanding the 1st Corp of the Army of northern Virginia. At the close of the war, he was a highly respected and accomplished general. However, following the death of Robert E. Lee, Longstreet＇s military reputation came under severe criticism. Without Lee to dispute the controversial allegations, the public accepted them as true. This organized effort of a small group of Confederate officers to destroy Longstreet＇s military accomplishment was also known as The Lost Cause Writers.

关键词： civil war Confederate States James Longstreet Gettysburg Robert E. Lee Scapegoat

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Development in a Time of war： South Sudan＇s Renewed Conflict and Its Toll Upon Development Prospects for the Region

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2015年第8期3卷 547-554页

作者： Justin Leach Troy University Troy USA

This paper is an adaptation of a presentation given on March 20, 2015, at the Conference on International Development hosted by Virginia International University. The paper reviews the December 2013 outbreak of civil war in South Sudan, and attempts to untangle the country＇s pre-existing development problems from those more directly related to the war. Finally, the paper discusses international involvement both in South Sudan＇s development and conflict resolution. It focuses in particular on the international debate over methods to end the conflict, the importance of state capacity, and the international understanding of development＇s relationship with the conflict.

关键词： South Sudan civil war development China in Africa USA in Africa

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Managing the Lower Mississippi River Landscape for Strategic Navigational and Flood Control

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2021年第6期11卷 285-330页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson David R. Speidel Soil Science in the College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA USDA Resource Conservationist and Agricultural Consultant with Natural Resource Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service Benton Missouri USA

The Lower Mississippi River flows from the confluence of the Ohio River and Mississippi River at Cairo, Illinois into the Gulf of Mexico. Mississippi River and Ohio River pathway shifts have shaped and re-shaped the landscapes through which they flow and where their sediment-laden tributary waters co-mingle at the confluence on the voyage to the Gulf of Mexico. For much of their history, the lands adjacent to the Lower Mississippi River were bottomlands that flooded with the seasons unconstrained by human river training structures. Since 1717 European nations have fought over strategic navigational control of the Mississippi River. After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States took controlled the Lower Mississippi River. During the civil war, from 1861-1865, the Union and Confederate forces battled for navigational control of the Lower Mississippi River. The primary objective of this paper was to highlight how the strategic navigational and flooding control of the Lower Mississippi River and geological and landscape resources were responsible for the successful economic development of this rich historical region of North America.

关键词： Atchafalaya Bonnie Carre Spillway Floodways Morganza Floodway Water Storage Areas West Atchafalaya Floodway civil war Gunboats Mound City Cairo Illinois Slaves

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0 Heroi （The Hero） and the Post-Colonial Angolan State

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2016年第3期4卷 203-208页

作者： Bonnie Wasserman University of Arizona Arizona USA

This article examines how post-war Angola is depicted in the film O Heroi （The Hero）. With a well-known international east and funding from a number of foreign sources, this movie heralds in a new era for Lusophone African cinema. Director Zezo Gamboa highlights the difficult reality faced by those living in Luanda, the capital of Angola, with scenes of water and electricity shortages, unemployment, and gang violence. He also touches upon some of the themes from the work of famed Senegalese author and director Ousmane Sembone such as corruption and neo-colonialism. One of the very few Angolan movies that has been shown at international festivals and theaters, O Heroi （2004） not only offers a harsh portrayal of living conditions after 40 years of conflict, especially that of the treatment of disabled veterans injured in the mine fields that still are found throughout the country, but also creates a sense of hope for families displaced by war to be reunited or at least form new bonds in the future.

关键词： Angola cinema civil war post-colonialism post-war reconstruction Neo-colonialism Africa

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Two Great People in American History——The comparison between Grant and Lee

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读与写(教育教学刊) 2009年第2期6卷 4-4页

作者：具东梅广东河源职业技术学院

Ulysses Simpson Grant and Robert *** were two greatest generals during the civil war in the United *** seem be in complete contrast,yet they had much in *** paper mainly discusses these two great soldiers’ lives,simi... 详细信息

关键词： Ulysses.S.Grant Robert E.Lee civil war Similarity Differences

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A Brief Analysis of Scarlett＇s Character Traits in Gone with the Wind

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Review of Global Academics 2014年第1期1卷 438-441页

作者： Duan Chunyan Guangxi Normal University Guilin Guangxi

When it comes to Scarlett＇s character traits, there is no denying that great changes have happened to her character. However, the reasons involve two aspects. Namely, the internal and exterior reasons. In other words... 详细信息

关键词： scarlett ashley scarlett's father scarlett's mother civil war

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尼日利亚学校历史教科书中的意识形态 ——以有关1967-1970年内战描述为中心

尼日利亚学校历史教科书中的意识形态 ——以有关1967-1970年内战...

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作者： Oladipo Adesola Oluwasegun 东北师范大学

学位级别：硕士

Within the Nigerian society,there has been a resurgence of interests in the 1967-1970 civil war which reportedly claimed the lives of over two million *** narratives of the war are increasingly depicted in the media via films,music and art,including the reemergence of secessionist *** on the war claim that official narratives gloss over complex issues of justice,continued omission of events and *** there exists a dearth of research on the representation of the Nigerian civil war in school *** Fairclough's conceptual framework of relationship between text and its social condition of production,this research aimed at examining the representation of the civil war in Nigerian high school history textbooks and its reflection of *** research employed two methods of text analysis namely,categorical analysis and historical narrative ***,three(3)selected school history textbooks were purposefully sampled and analysed using an instrument of pre-set categories adapted from Berkel's analytical ***,in the historical narrative approach,narratives of central events of the war in the selected textbooks were compared with narratives of four(4)other literary *** findings of the research reveal that textbooks by and large promote a narrative characterised by omission of some central events,glossing over details on war casualties,failing to include recent scholarship and multiple *** textbook authors emphasize military advance and political propaganda of both warring sides,they fall short in describing the living conditions of the ordinary *** the Federal Military Government's 3Rs(Rehabilitation,Reconstruction and Reconciliation)post-war policy was well highlighted,promoting government's effort in unifying the *** a whole,these representations point to an ideology of nation building-sustaining the peace and keeping the fragile inter-ethnic Nigerian soci

关键词： Ideology Textbooks civil war

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Conflicts and Displacements in Syria: Exploring Life Trajectories of Separated Refugee Minors

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Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 2018年第2期12卷 207-224页

作者： A.K.M.Ahsan Ullah Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences the University of Brunei Darussalam

This paper explores how unaccompanied refugee children from Syria made their way to destination countries and how they become unaccompanied and the consequences of being *** paper is based on interviews with Syrian child refugees in Turkey,Lebanon,Egypt and Jordan,and aid workers of international organizations who provide support with child *** long-standing conflict has caused Syrian children to suffer immensely,both physically and *** show that majority of the children became conflict orphan and left *** reported that they became separated or unaccompanied from their parents or relatives while crossing the border in the mass *** parents were arrested and killed in Syria by both the government and *** children were left alone by their relatives on the border in order to avoid violence in Syria,and some were smuggled into the destinations countries.

关键词： Conflict child refugee Syria civil war unaccompanied minors

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