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chlorination of water containing bromide and formation of the bromine－substituted trihalomethanes

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1995年第4期7卷 443-448页

作者： Li Junwen , Yu Zuobin , Chao Fuhuan , Cai Xinpei(Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050 , China) Inst of Hygiene & Envmtl Medicine Tianjin 300050 China

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关键词： chlorination bromination bromine - substituted THMs.

Influencing factors and degradation products of antipyrine chlorination in water with free chlorine

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第1期25卷 77-84页

作者： Meiquan Cai Liqiu Zhang Fei Qi Li Feng Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution College of Environmental Science and EngineeringBeijing Forestry University

Owing to its low cost, free chlorine is one of the most common disinfectants for wastewater and drinking water treatment. However, the formation of disinfection byproducts has been found to occur after free chlorine disinfection in recent decades. Antipyrine （ANT）, an anti-inflammatory analgesic, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In this work, the removal efficiency of ANT by free chlorine oxidation in ultrapure water was investigated with batch experiments. The influencing factors on the removal of ANT were explored at initial concentrations of ANT from 0.04 to 0.64 rag/L, free chlorine dosage from 0.30 to 1.31 rag/L, and pH from 1.5 to 9.0. The main degradation products were identified by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that ANT reacted rapidly with free chlorine in ultrapure water systems and up to 90.6% removal efficiency of ANT was achieved after 25 sec （initial free chlorine 1 mg/L, ANT 0.5 mg/L, pH 7.0）. Higher oxidant dosage, lower ANT initial concentration and low pH favor the ANT removal. The main degradation product in ANT chlorination was a monochlorine substitution product （4-chloro-l,2-dihydro- 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one）, which can be further chlorinated by free chlorine. In addition, the total organic carbon result indicated that ANT is difficult to be mineralized using chlorine.

关键词： antipyrine chlorination disinfection byproduct

Transformation of sulfamethazine during the chlorination disinfection process: Transformation,kinetics, and toxicology assessment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第2期31卷 48-56页

作者： Yunjia Yang Jiachen Shi Yi Yang Jie Yin Jing Zhang Bing Shao Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine

Various disinfection byproducts(DBPs) form during the process of chlorination disinfection,posing potential threats to drinking water safety and human health. Sulfamethazine(SMT),the most commonly used and frequently detected veterinary antibiotic, was investigated in detail with regard to its transformation and kinetics in reactions with free available chlorine(FAC). Using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, several DBPs were identified based on different confidence levels, and a variety of reaction types, including desulfonation, S–N cleavage, hydroxylation, and chlorine substitution, were proposed. The kinetic experiments indicated that the reaction rate was FAC-and pH-dependent, and SMT exhibits low reactivity toward FAC in alkaline conditions. The DBPs exhibited a much higher acute toxicity than SMT, as estimated by quantitative structure activity relationship models. More importantly, we observed that the FAC-treated SMT reaction solution might increase the genotoxic potential due to the generation of DBPs. This investigation provides substantial new details related to the transformation of SMT in the chlorination disinfection process.

关键词： LC-QTOF Sulfamethazine Transformation products chlorination Toxicity

Impact of ozonation on disinfection byproducts formation from phenylalanine during chlorination

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第10期144卷 199-211页

作者： Sinong Huang Hongwei Liu Kunming Wei Liang Zhang Xiaoyan Ma Qingsong Li Xueyan Li Andrea M.Dietrich College of Civil Engineering Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures&Disaster Prevention and Mitigation TechnologyZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou 310023China Water Resources and Environmental Institute Xiamen University of TechnologyXiamen 361005China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and TechnologySuzhou 215009China Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlackburgVA 24061USA

As a strong oxidizing agent,ozone is used in some water treatment facilities for disinfection,taste and odor control,and removal of organic ***(Phe)was used as the target amino acid to comprehensively investigate variability of disinfection byproducts(DBPs)formation during chlorine disinfection and residual chlorine conditions subsequent to *** results showed that subsequent to ozonation,the typical regulated and unregulated DBPs formation potential(DBPsFP),including trichloromethane(TCM),dichloroacetonitrile(DCAN),chloral hydrate(CH),dichloroacetic acid(DCAA),trichloroacetic acid(TCAA),and trichloroacetamide(TCAcAm)increased substantially,by 2.4,3.3,5.6,1.2,2.5,and 6.0 times,respectively,compared with only *** also significantly increased the DBPs yield under a 2 day simulated residual chlorine condition that mimicked the water distribution *** formations followed pseudo first order *** formation rates of DBPs in the first 6 hr were higher for TCM(0.214 hr^(−1)),DCAN(0.244 hr^(−1)),CH(0.105 hr^(−1)),TCAcAm(0.234 hr^(−1)),DCAA(0.375 hr^(−1))and TCAA(0.190 hr^(−1))than *** peak DBPsFP of TCM,DCAN,CH,TCAcAm,DCAA,and TCAA were obtained when that ozonation time was set at 5–15 *** times>30 min increased the mineralization of Phe and decreased the formation of DBPs upon *** bromine ion(Br^(−1))concentration increased production of bromine-DBPs and decreased chlorine-DBPs formation by 59.3%–92.2%.Higher ozone dosages and slight alkaline favored to reduce DBP formation and *** ozonation conditions should be optimized for all application purposes including DBPs reduction.

关键词： Ozone Amino acids chlorination Disinfection by-products

Seasonal variation effects on the formation of trihalomethane during chlorination of water from Yangtze River and associated cancer risk assessment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第9期23卷 1503-1511页

作者： Shaogang Liu Zhiliang Zhu Chenfeng Fan Yanling Qiu Jianfu Zhao State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment of Ministry of Education Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Department of Chemical and Ecological Engineering Guangxi University for Nationalities Nanning 536000 China

For the system of water samples collected from Yangtze River,the effects of seasonal variation and Fe（III） concentrations on the formation and distribution of trihalomethanes （THMs） during chlorination have been *** corresponding lifetime cancer risk of the formed THMs to human beings was estimated using the parameters and procedure issued by the US *** results indicated that the average concentration of THMs （100.81 μg/L） in spring was significantly higher than that in other seasons,which was related to the higher bromide ion concentration resulted from the intrusion of tidal *** total cancer risk in spring reached 8.23 × 10 ？5 and 8.86 × 10 ？5 for males and females,respectively,which were about two times of those in summer under the experimental ***,it was found that the presence of Fe（III） resulted in the increased level of THMs and greater cancer risk from exposure to *** weak basic conditions,about 10% of the increment of THMs from the water samples in spring was found in the presence of 0.5 mg/L Fe（III） compared with the situation without Fe（III）.More attention should be given to the effect of the coexistence of Fe（III） and bromide ions on the risk assessment of human intake of THMs from drinking water should be paid more attention,especially in the coastland and estuaries.

关键词： trihalomethanes Fe(III) chlorination disinfection byproducts cancer risk assessment

Extraction of metals from complex sulfide nickel concentrates by low-temperature chlorination roasting and water leaching

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2017年第4期24卷 377-385页

作者： Cong Xu Hong-wei Cheng Guang-shi Li Chang-yuan Lu Xiong-gang Lu Xing-li Zou Qian Xu State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200072 China

The recovery of valuable metals from complex sulfide concentrates was investigated via chlorination roasting followed by water leaching. A reaction process is proposed on the basis of previous studies and the results of our preliminary experiments. During the process, various process parameters were studied, including the roasting temperature, the addition of NH4Cl, the roasting time, the leaching time, and the liquid-to-solid ratio. The roasted products and leach residues were characterized by X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy. Under the optimum condition, 95% of Ni, 98% of Cu, and 88% of Co were recovered. In addition, the removal of iron was studied in the water leaching stage. The results demonstrate that this process provides an effective approach for extracting multiple metals from complex concentrates or ores. © 2017, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

关键词： Calcination Chemicals removal (water treatment) chlorination Leaching Metal recovery Nickel Rare earths Sulfur compounds Temperature X ray diffraction

Mechanisms of ultraviolet disinfection and chlorination of Escherichia coli： Culturability, membrane permeability,metabolism, and genetic damage

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第3期30卷 356-366页

作者： Limei Xu Chongmiao Zhang Pengcheng Xu Xiaochang C.Wang International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development China Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource Environment and Ecology MOE China Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Shaanxi Province China School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an 710055 China

Traditional culture methods may underestimate the tolerance of microorganisms to disinfectants because of the existence of viable but nonculturable or sublethally injured cells after *** selection of a strict method is crucial for the evaluation of disinfection *** actions of 2 typical disinfectants–ultraviolet（UV）and chlorine–on the fecal indicator Escherichia coli were investigated by the detection of culturability,membrane permeability,metabolic activity,deoxyribonucleic acid（DNA）,and messenger ribonucleic acid（m RNA）.During UV disinfection,the irreversible damages in the cell membrane and cellular adenosine triphosphate（ATP）were negligible at low UV doses（80 m J/cm^2）.However,membrane permeability was damaged at low doses of chlorine（5 mg/L）,leading to leakage of cellular *** study showed that a slight lesion in DNA was detected even at high doses of UV（400 m J/cm^2）and chlorine（5 mg/L）*** decay of m RNA was more rapid than that of *** degradation level of m RNA depended on the choice of target *** exposure to 50 m J/cm^2UV dose or 5 mg/L chlorine for30 min,the DNA damage repair function（Rec A m RNA）was *** m RNA involved in the DNA damage repair function can be a potential indicator of bacterial viability.

关键词： UV chlorination Membrane damage Adenosine triphosphate DNA mRNA

Effect of ferric and bromide ions on the formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts during chlorination

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第5期23卷 765-772页

作者： Shaogang Liu Zhiliang Zhu Yanling Qiu Jianfu Zhao State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China. E-mail:zzl@*** Department of Chemical and Ecological Engineering Guangxi University for Nationalities Nanning 536000 China

The effects of ferric ion, pH, and bromide on the formation and distribution of disinfection byproducts （DBPs） during chlorination were studied. Two raw water samples from Huangpu River and Yangtze River, two typical drinking water sources of Shanghai, were used for the investigation. Compared with the samples from Huangpu River, the raw water samples from Yangtze River had lower content of total organic carbon （TOC） and ferric ions, but higher bromide concentrations. Under controlled chlorination conditions, four trihalomethanes （THMs）, nine haloacetic acids （HAAs）, total organic halogen （TOX） and its halogen species fractions, including total organic chlorine （TOC1） and total organic bromide （TOBr）, were determined. The results showed that co-existent ferric and bromide ions significantly promoted the formation of total THMs and HAAs for both raw water samples. Higher concentration of bromide ions significantly changed the speciation of the formed THMs and HAAs. There was an obvious shift to brominated species, which might result in a more adverse influence on the safety of drinking water. The results also indicated that high levels of bromide ions in raw water samples produced higher percentages of unknown TOBr.

关键词： disinfection byproducts total organic halogen chlorination ferric ion bromide ion

Fluorination vs. chlorination： a case study on high performance organic photovoltaic materials

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Science China Chemistry 2018年第10期61卷 1328-1337页

作者： Yun Zhang Huifeng Yao Shaoqing Zhang Yunpeng Qin Jianqi Zhang Liyan Yang Wanning Li Zhixiang Wei Feng Gao Jianhui Hou State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linkoping University Linkoping SE-581 83 Sweden

Halogenation is a very efficient chemical modification method to tune the molecular energy levels, absorption spectra and molecular packing of organic semiconductors. Recently, in the field of organic solar cells(OSCs), both fluorine-and chlorinesubstituted photovoltaic materials, including donors and acceptors, demonstrated their great potentials in achieving high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs), raising a question that how to make a decision between fluorination and chlorination when designing materials. Herein, we systemically studied the impact of fluorination and chlorination on the properties of resulting donors(PBDB-T-2 F and PBDB-T-2 Cl) and acceptors(IT-4 F and IT-4 Cl). The results suggest that all the OSCs based on different donor and acceptor combinations can deliver good PCEs around 13%–14%. chlorination is more effective than fluorination in downshifting the molecular energy levels and broadening the absorption spectra. The influence of chlorination and fluorination on the crystallinity of the resulting materials is dependent on their introduction positions. As chlorination has the advantage of easy synthesis, it is more attractive in designing low-cost photovoltaic materials and therefore may have more potential in largescale applications.

关键词： organic solar cells bandgap engineering fluorination chlorination