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Different methods.of Analysis for the Identification of Materials Dated to Different Periods in Egypt

Journal of physical Science and Application 2011年第2期1卷 85-99页

作者： Safaa Abd El Salam Department of Painting Faculty of Fine Arts Conservation of Mural Painting University of Alexandria 108 Abd El Salam Aref Alex. Egypt

Different questions may be raised during the course of analysis concerning in particular the characterization of materials used, their preparation and application techniques. The different methods.used to identify the materials of mud brick, limestone, plaster, mortar and pigments, collected from different sites and periods from Egypt, in order to identify and characterize the materials, their structure, composition and their mineralogical compounds were：（Op） optical microscopy, which was used to examine and to identify the materials structures. methods.used in initial examination were：（1）（MCA）： Micro-chemical analysis, to identify the nature of the materials and for water-soluble salts, to identify sulphates, chlorides, carbonates, nitrites and nitrates; （2）（SM）： Standard methods.of wet chemical analysis were used to identify the quantitative and qualitative nature of the, mud building, mortars and their mixtures; （3）（SEM ＆ EDS）： Analytical scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis system was used to examine the micro-morphology and determine the chemical composition of the different materials; （4）（XRD ＆ XRPD）： X-ray diffraction to identify the mineralogical compound of the plaster, limestone, mortars and pigments used. From all the results obtained, it was possible to establish the nature of the mortars and their binders as well as some other inclusion. In addition to the identification of the stratigraphy of the layers applied in some samples, the examination and analysis gave details of the materials and the approximate ratio of the amount of additives used. Furthermore, the mineralogical analysis provided information on the main mineralogical phases present in the materials analyzed from the different periods.

关键词： Characterization different materials chemical and physical methods.

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