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check dam extraction from remote sensing images using deep learning and geospatial analysis:A case study in the Yanhe River Basin of the Loess Plateau,China

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Journal of Arid Land 2023年第1期15卷 34-51页

作者： SUN Liquan GUO Huili CHEN Ziyu YIN Ziming FENG Hao WU Shufang Kadambot H M SIDDIQUE Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas Ministry of EducationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture&Environment The University of Western AustraliaPerth 6001Australia

check dams are widely used on the Loess Plateau in China to control soil and water losses,develop agricultural land,and improve watershed ecology.Detailed information on the number and spatial distribution of check dams is critical for quantitatively evaluating hydrological and ecological effects and planning the construction of new dams.Thus,this study developed a check dam detection framework for broad areas from high-resolution remote sensing images using an ensemble approach of deep learning and geospatial analysis.First,we made a sample dataset of check dams using GaoFen-2(GF-2)and Google Earth images.Next,we evaluated five popular deep-learning-based object detectors,including Faster R-CNN,You Only Look Once(version 3)(YOLOv3),Cascade R-CNN,YOLOX,and VarifocalNet(VFNet),to identify the best one for check dam detection.Finally,we analyzed the location characteristics of the check dams and used geographical constraints to optimize the detection results.Precision,recall,average precision at intersection over union(IoU)threshold of 0.50(AP_(50)),IoU threshold of 0.75(AP_(75)),and average value for 10 IoU thresholds ranging from 0.50-0.95 with a 0.05 step(AP_(50-95)),and inference time were used to evaluate model performance.All the five deep learning networks could identify check dams quickly and accurately,with AP_(50-95),AP_(50),and AP_(75)values higher than 60.0%,90.0%,and 70.0%,respectively,except for YOLOv3.The VFNet had the best performance,followed by YOLOX.The proposed framework was tested in the Yanhe River Basin and yielded promising results,with a recall rate of 87.0%for 521 check dams.Furthermore,the geographic analysis deleted about 50%of the false detection boxes,increasing the identification accuracy of check dams from 78.6%to 87.6%.Simultaneously,this framework recognized 568 recently constructed check dams and small check dams not recorded in the known check dam survey datasets.The extraction results will support efficient watershed management and guide future studies on soil erosion in the Loe

关键词： check dam deep learning geospatial analysis remote sensing Faster R-CNN Loess Plateau

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Sediment sources and their impacts on a check dam-controlled watershed, Loess Plateau, China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第6期20卷 1660-1673页

作者： BAI Lu-lu SHI Peng WANG Wen LI Zhan-bin YU Kun-xia LI Peng CUI Ling-zhou SHEN Rong-jian GUAN Mu-hong DU Xin-chun ZHANG Xun-le CHEN Wen-fu State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China Xi'an University of TechnologyXi'an 710048China Key Laboratory of National Forestry Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions Xi'an University of TechnologyXi'an 710048China College of Life and Environmental Science Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China Anhui Water Resources Development Co. Ltd.Bengbu 233010China

Soil erosion is a major issue in Loess Plateau,China,and quantitative analyses of sediment sources are crucial for soil erosion control.In this study,a combination of flood couplet analysis and composite fingerprint identification was used for historical reconstructions of soil erosion in sediment source areas in Loess Plateau.Each flood couplet was constructed based on sediment 137Cs activity,and past soil erosion was calculated using soil bulk density and storage capacity curves.The contribution rates of the sediment sources were calculated using the fingerprinting method,and the amount of erosion in the sediment source areas was estimated.The best fingerprint combination(Cr,Ni,V,and TOC)enabled a 97.2%recognition of sediment sources from 29 flood events(1956–1990)in the Loess Plateau.The contribution rates of gullies,farmland,grassland,and shrubland were 44.89%,26.38%,10.49%,and 18.24%,respectively.These four land use types contributed 1,227,751,512,and 279 tons of sediments,respectively.Re-vegetation decreased soil erosion(1966–1983),whereas deforestation increased soil erosion(1956–1965 and 1984–1990).Rational soil and water conservation measures on slopes and check dam construction in gullies are therefore suggested to mitigate erosion.

关键词： check dam Sediment source Soil and water conservation Land use changes Loess Plateau

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Quantitative assessment of the influence of terrace and check dam construction on watershed topography

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2020年第2期14卷 360-375页

作者： Guowei PANG Qinke YANG Chunmei WANG Rui LI Lu ZHANG Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity College of Urban and Environmental ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi’an 701027China Key Laboratory of Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationXi’an 710127China Institute of Soil and Water Conservation CAS&MWRYangling 712100China Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering MNRXi’an 710075China

Terrace and check dam construction has substantially changed land surface morphology,which in turn affects modern surface processes.Digital elevation models(DEMs)provide an effective way to quantitatively analyze surface morphology and processes.However,existing DEMs lack sufficient ability to express artificial terrain.Based on 1:10000 topographic maps of the Zhifanggou watershed,a series of artificial terrain DEMs for the study site were constructed by both field investigation and remote sensing images from 1938 to 2010.Digital terrain analysis was used to quantitatively assess the influence of terrace and check dam construction on the watershed terrain.The results showed that the artificial terrain DEM could capture the spatial distribution patterns of terraces and dam lands and improved the ability of DEM to express terrain.The construction of terraces and check dams clearly changed the surface elevation.The average elevation change of each terrace mainly ranged between–1.5 and 1.5 m,while the annual average deposition height of the dam lands was 9.16 cm.The average slope,slope length,and slope length and steepness factor of the watershed decreased with the effect of the artificial terrain on the surface,and their averages decreased by 0.65°,6.75 m,and 0.83,respectively,from 1938 to 2010.Although the construction of terraces reduced their surface slope to nearly 0°,the slope of terrace embankments rapidly increased,to more than 45°,which may lead to gravitational erosion and potential terrace damage.Terracing reduced the slope length in both the terrace distribution area and downslope of the terraces.check dam deposition reduced the slope and slope length of the channel.This study contributes to a better understanding of the topographic change rules after terrace and check dam construction,and aids in elucidating the mechanisms of soil erosion process influenced by artificial topography.

关键词： check dam digital elevation model Loess Plateau terrace topography

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淤地坝与check dam的差异及其英文译法

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中国水土保持科学 2022年第3期20卷 102-108页

作者：信忠保蔡强国宁堆虎刘宝元余新晓雷廷武张科利张光辉方海燕孙莉英和继军北京林业大学水土保持学院 100083北京中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环与地表过程重点实验室 100101北京国际泥沙研究培训中心/中国水利水电科学研究院 100048北京西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室陕西杨凌712100 中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院北京100083 北京师范大学地理科学学部地理学院北京100875 首都师范大学地球空间信息科学与技术国际化示范学院北京100048

淤地坝是黄土高原重要水土流失治理工程措施,对减少入黄泥沙、增加耕地面积发挥了重要作用。关于淤地坝英文翻译,普遍采用check dam,然而其并不能真实反映黄土高原水土保持工程建设实际情况,因此,笔者从目的、功能、尺寸等方面,系统对... 详细信息

淤地坝是黄土高原重要水土流失治理工程措施,对减少入黄泥沙、增加耕地面积发挥了重要作用。关于淤地坝英文翻译,普遍采用check dam,然而其并不能真实反映黄土高原水土保持工程建设实际情况,因此,笔者从目的、功能、尺寸等方面,系统对比黄土高原淤地坝与国外check dam的差异。在此基础上,建议采用淤地坝汉语拼音“Yudiba dam”表达这类大量分布在黄土高原可在拦截泥沙、减少沟道侵蚀、增加耕地面积的水土保持工程措施,从而明确其与国外check dam的区分。

关键词： Yudiba dam check dam 侵蚀泥沙黄土高原黄河中游

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Using Hydraulic Engineering Model Experiment to Study the Sediment Trapping Efficiency of Adjustable check dam

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第7期8卷 471-480页

作者： Shu-Tzu Chen Hung-Ming Shu Shin-En Chiu Chung-Li Hsu Department of Civil Engineering National Pingtung University of Science and Tehnology Department of Soil and Water Conservation National Pingtung University of Science and Tehnology

The construction of fully closed check dam (CD) is a conventional flood prevention mechanism implemented on rivers. Fully closed CDs trap large amounts of sediments in rivers to stabilize the river slopes and control erosion. However, fully closed CDs cannot selectively trap sediment and may easily overflow, causing them to losing their ability to mediate and hold sediments. Previous studies proposed the concept of “breathable CDs”. The researcher introduced metal slit dam (SD) that could be assembled and disassembled quickly and conveniently. Once a CD reaches maximum capacity, operators must ensure that the water channels of the dam are free from blockage. Moreover, they must inspect the internal accumulation conditions of the dam periodically or immediately following heavy typhoon rains. When necessary, either the sediment buildup in the upriver blockage must be cleared, or the transverse structure of the dam must be removed to allow fine particles to be discharged along with a moderate amount of water. These actions can free up the sediment-storing capacity of the dam for the next heavy typhoon rains. In addition, operators should also inspect the damages inflicted on the dam, such as erosion, wear and tear, and deformation conditions. damaged components should be disassembled and repaired if possible, or recycled and reused. The present study performed channel tests to simulate closed CDs, SDs, steel pipe dam (SPDs), and steel pipe plus slit dam (SPSDs) for 50-year and 100-year frequency floods. Results were then analyzed to determine the sediment trapping (ST) effects of various CDs, the effects of “adjustable CDs”, and the changes of moderated riverbeds.

关键词： Sediment Trapping check dam Riverbed Change Hydraulic Engineering Model Experiment

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Quantitative evaluation of eco-geotechnical measures for debris flow mitigation by improved vegetation-erosion model

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第7期19卷 2015-2026页

作者： LYU Li-qun XU Meng-zhen ZHOU Guan-yu WANG Zhao-yin School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China

Eco-geotechnical measures for debris flow mitigation and control have attracted wide attention,but the mitigation effect is lack of quantitative evaluation of coordinated measures.In order to evaluate the debris flow mitigation effect in the combinations of geotechnical engineering and ecological engineering,this study investigated the different trends of debris flows behaviour based on the sediment deposition on the gully bed and the loose material on the hillslope.Besides,this research proposed a new model involving vegetation coverage,source gravity energy and debris flow volume based on vegetation-erosion model.The new model validated that the debris flow volume was proportional to the gravity energy of gravel and rock fragments on the hillslope and inversely proportional to the vegetation coverage in a dry-hot valley setting.Furthermore,a typical area in the valley of the Xiaojiang River in Yunnan Province,China was quantified with the new model.The results showed that under different gravity energy conditions,the implementation order of check dam construction and afforestation was important for debris flow mitigation.

关键词： Debris flow Vegetation coverage Source energy Incision and deposition Afforestation check dam Jiangjia Gully

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Failure mechanisms and risk mitigation of check dams on the Chinese Loess Plateau: A case study at the Gutun Gully

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第6期19卷 1509-1524页

作者： JIANG Rui-jun ZHANG Mao-sheng FENG Li SUN Ping-ping Department of Geological Engineering Chang’an UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710054China Department of Civil Engineering School of Human Settlements and Civil EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China Key Laboratory for Geo-hazards in Loess Area Ministry of Natural ResourcesXi’an Center of China Geological SurveyXi’an 710054China

Loess is long-term aeolian dust deposition, characterized by loose structure, concentrated participle distribution and unstable mineral composition, and thus easy to cause extensive collapsibility and have general water sensitivity. To reveal the difference in water sensitivity between naturally intact(NI) loess and mechanically compacted(MC) loess used for the check dam, the transient water release and imbibition method(TRIM) was used to acquire the suction stress–expanded hydraulic characteristic curves for the NI and MC loess and explore possible approaches for formulating the potential of loess water sensitivity. Based on the Local Field of Safety(LFS) associated with slope stability, we constructed a finite element model of a check dam to depict its failure processes under different rainfall scenarios. The results revealed the strong water sensitivity in NI loess, while the MC loess retained a certain water-sensitive potential. This capacity depends on the ‘water sensitivity coefficient’ obtained from the suction-stress characteristic curve,which better presented the deformation potential of the two loess samples at different water content levels. In the context of LFS, we identified two failure patterns in the dam body that were involved in loess water sensitivity under hydromechanical conditions: rainfall erosion-induced shallow mudflow failure, and preferential-infiltration progressive failure. These patterns may provide new insights into dam-breakage mechanisms and potential chain effects of check dams on the Chinese Loess Plateau from the perspective of soil–water interactions, which is vital for predicting the position and timing of check dam failure, and mitigating risks.

关键词： Chinese loess Water sensitivity Suction stress Failure patterns Slope stability check dam

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Flood risk assessment of check dams in the Wangmaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第12期20卷 3631-3647页

作者： GAO Ze-chao SHI Peng LI Zhan-bin LI Peng BAI Lu-lu JIA Yi-li CUI Lin-zhou State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China Xi'an University of TechnologyXi'an 710048China Key Laboratory of National Forestry Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions Xi'an University of TechnologyXi'an 710048China Northwest Institute of Forest Inventory Planning and DesignNational Forestry and Grassland AdministrationXi’anShaanxi 710041China College of Life and Environmental Science Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China

check dams have been widely used in China’s Loess Plateau region due to their effectiveness in erosion and flood control.However,the safety and stability of the check dam decrease with the operation process,which increases the probability of dam failure during flood events and threatens local residents’ life and property.Thus,this study simulated flood process of the check dam failure in the Wangmaogou watershed in Yulin City,Shaanxi Province,China,calculated different types of inundation losses based on the flood inundation area within the watershed,and determined the number of key flood protection check dams by classifying the flood risk levels of the check dams.The results showed that 5 dams in the watershed were subject to overtopping during different rainfall return periods,which was related to their flood discharge capacity.dam failure flood process showed a rapid growth trend followed by slow decrease,and the time of flood peak advanced with increase in the return period.After harmonization of evaluation scales,the magnitude of flood inundation losses can be ranked as:economic losses(212.409 million yuan) > life losses(10.368 million yuan) > ecological losses(6.433 million yuan).The risk value for both individual dams and the whole dam system decreases as the return period increases.The number of key flood protection check dams in the Wangmaogou watershed was 2,3,3,3,4,and 5 for floods with return periods of 10,20,30,50,100,and 200 years,respectively.The results provided a theoretical basis for the safe operation and risk evaluation of check dams in the Loess Plateau Hills watershed.

关键词： check dam Return period Flood control risk dam failure Inundation loss

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Entropy model to assess sediment resuspension probability and trap efficiency of small dams

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2022年第5期37卷 675-686页

作者： Francisco Jairo Soares Pereira Antonio Viana da Silva Filho José Wellington Batista Lopes José Carlos de Araújo Department of Agricultural Engineering Federal University of Ceará Campus Do Pici Rural Federal University of Pernambuco Federal University of Piauí

In the Brazilian drylands, there are tens of thousands of small dams. Despite their paramount importance to the rural population, they are rarely monitored. Water demand increases with time while, simultaneously, siltation reduces reservoir water capacity and availability. Reservoir siltation models are, therefore, mandatory to manage the numerous ungauged small dams in these drylands.The objective of the current study is to improve sediment trap efficiency(TE) modeling by including resuspension as a key probabilistic process. The Shannon entropy was used to estimate the sediment resuspension probability, which was merged with the Camp model and generated the RETSED entropy model. To validate the RETSED model, an experimental check dam(ECD, 300 m3), located in the Gilbu es desertification site, Brazil, was monitored hourly during one hydrological year(July 2018-July 2019). Measurements show that the annual volumetric decline of the check dam was 12%; and that the average trap efficiency equaled 86%. Only 9.5% of the hourly sediment concentration outflow exceeded the average plus one standard deviation, showing that the reservoir is well mixed; a fact which highlights the relevance of the resuspension process. Three empirical models failed to mimic the experimental results: Churchill(TE = 99%), Brune(TE = 75%), and Maryland(TE = 94%). According to the RETSED entropy model, the resuspension probability during the experiment was 10%and TE = 81%, a value only 6% below the measured one. The Camp model simulated TE = 89%, only 3%higher than the measured value, but confirmed the Camp model’s tendency to overestimate TE due to a disregard of resuspension. The deterministic model showed low sensitivity concerning the hydrodynamic effects, whereas the entropy formulation proved to be more consistent with physical behavior: the resuspension probability clearly increased and trap efficiency decreased with rising reservoir discharge.

关键词： Erosion check dam Sedimentation Ungauged basins Camp model

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Numerical study of the effects of check dams on erosion and sedimentation in the Pachang River

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2013年第3期28卷 304-315页

作者： Hui-ming HSIEH Ching-ruey LUO Jinn-chuang YANG Rou-fei CHEN Department of Computer Science and Multimedia Design Taiwan Shoufu University Department of Civil Engineering National Chi-Nan University Dept.of Civil Engineering National Chiayio Tung University Department of Geology Chinese Culture University

Scouring and deposition processes resulting from variable rainfall and typhoon occurrence in tropical climatic conditions induce significant changes in the riverbeds of Taiwan.Along the Pachang River of western Taiwan,severe damage occurs during typhoons due to large and sudden variations in discharge,erosion,sediment transport and deposition.In order to simulate this process,the NETSTARS numerical modeling tool was used in the present paper.The influence of existing and planned check dam structures on flow control was also analyzed to determine their capacity to resist river erosion or to not be buried beneath sediments.Not only does the modeling tool allow calculation of the erosion-deposition behavior at the scale of the whole river,but it also provides local determination of the optimum location and characteristics such as foundation depth and lateral encroachment of future check dams.The results of a 10-year,long-term modeling simulation in terms of riverbed stability and scouring potential thus provide insights about unsafe future behavior at 4 sites.This numerical model provides a better general understanding and useful information for the optimal prevention of both the scouring damage and the burial related to sediment deposition with large changes in discharge and sediment transport.

关键词： NETSTARS model River bed erosion check dam Pachang River

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