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Frequency and size change of ice–snow avalanches in the central himalaya:A case from the Annapurna II glacier

Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第3期15卷 464-475页

作者： Yao LI Yi-Fei CUI Jian-Sheng HAO Zheng-Tao ZHANG Hao WANG Jian GUO Shuo-Fan WANG State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Department of Hydraulic EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Key Laboratory of Hydrosphere Sciences of the Ministry of Water Resources Beijing 100084China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China School of National Safety and Emergency Management Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Process Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China

Glaciers have retreated and shrunk in High Mountain Asia since the mid-20th century because of global warming,leading to glacier instability and hazardous iceesnow ***,the complex relationship between iceesnow avalanches and factors such as climate and potential triggers are difficult to understand because of the lack of observational ***,we addressed iceesnow avalanches on the Annapurna II glacier in Nepal,central *** constructed an iceesnow avalanche history using long-term multi-source remote sensing images(1988-2021)and mapped the velocity fields of glaciers using cross-correlation analysis on SAR and optical ***,we investigated the impact of climate change and earthquakes on the frequency and size of iceesnow *** results demonstrate that the frequency of iceesnow avalanches has increased from 10 in 1988 to 27 in 2020,but the average area of iceesnow avalanche deposits has decreased by approximately 70%,from 3.4×10^(5) m^(2) in 1988 to 1.2×10^(5) m^(2) in *** evolutionary characteristic of ice avalanches is linked to the impact of glacier retreat(reduction in ice material supply)and increased activity under climate *** glacier movement velocity controls the size of iceesnow avalanches and can be set as an indicator for iceesnow avalanche *** the Annapurna Ⅱ glacier,an iceesnow avalanche occurred when the glacier velocities were greater than 1.5 m d^(-1).These results offer insights into iceesnow avalanche risk assessment and prediction in high-mountain areas,particularly in regions characterised by dense glacier distribution.

关键词： Iceesnow avalanche Glacier instability Climate change central himalaya Remote sensing

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Mass balance and morphological evolution of the Dokriani Glacier,central himalaya,India during 1999–2014

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第1期13卷 255-267页

作者： Purushottam Kumar Garg Jairam Singh Yadav Santosh Kumar Rai Aparna Shukla Indian Institute of Technology Indore Khandwa RoadSimrolIndore 453552India Wadia Institute of himalayan Geology 33GMS RoadDehradun 248001India Ministry of Earth Sciences Prithvi BhavanLodhi RoadNew Delhi 110003India

Glaciological mass balance(MB)is considered the most direct,undelayed and unfiltered response of the glaciers to climatic ***,it may inherit errors associated with stake underrepresentation,averaging over the entire glacier and human ***,proper validation of glaciological MB with geodetic MB is highly recommended by the World Glacier Monitoring Service(WGMS).The present study focuses on the Dokriani Glacier,central himalaya which is one of the bench-mark glaciers in the region and has glaciological MB records from 1993 to 2013 with intermittent *** the present study,firstly the glaciological MB series is extended to 2014 i.e.,field-based MB for one more year is computed and,to compare with it,the geodetic MB is computed for the 1999–2014 period using high resolution Cartosat-1 digital elevation model(DEM)and SRTM ***,the study assesses the regional representation of the Dokriani Glacier in terms of MB and evaluates the influence of the MB regime on its morphological *** show that the average glaciological MB(-0.34±0.2 m water equivalent(w.e.)y-1)is more negative than the geodetic MB(-0.23±0.1 m w.e.y-1)for the 1999–2014 *** is likely because of the partial representation of glacier margins in the glaciological MB,where melting is strikingly low owing to thick debris cover(>30 cm).In contrast,geodetic MB considers all marginal pixels leading to a comparatively low MB.A comparative assessment shows that the MB of Dokriani Glacier is less negative(possibly due to its huge accumulation area)than most other glacier-specific and regional MBs,restricting it to be a representative glacier in the ***,continuous negative MB has brought a peculiar change in the epiglacial morphology in the lower tongue of the glacier as differential debris thickness-induced differential melting has turned the glacier surface into a concave *** concavity has led to development of a large(10–20 m deep)supraglacial ch

关键词： Glacier mass balance Debris cover Epiglacial morphology Supraglacial channel Dokriani Glacier central himalaya

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Glacier-Glacial Lake Interactions and Glacial Lake Development in the central himalaya,India(1994–2017)

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第6期32卷 1563-1574页

作者： Pratima Pandey Sheikh Nawaz Ali Prashant Kumar Champati Ray Indian Institute of Remote Sensing DehradunIndia Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences LucknowIndia

Despite several regional glacier and glacier lake inventories, the relationship between receding glacier, glacial lake evolution(glacial-lake interactions) and their sensitivity to different forcing factors have not been properly understood yet. To better understand these processes, we used satellite images collected in 1994, 2015 and 2017 to monitor the spatially-explicit evolution of glacial lakes and glacier changes. The results show a total of 1 353 glacial lakes covering an area of 7.96 km;in the year 2015. Out of these, a total of 137 glacial lakes having an area of >0.01 km;and located within 2 km periphery of mother glacier have been selected for the monitoring of spatial development between 1994 and 2017. We found an increase in the total lake area from ~4.9 to ~7.73 km;between 1994 and 2017,corresponding to an overall expansion of ~57%. The total area covered by the glaciers associated with these lakes reduced from ~365 km;in 1994 to ~358 km^(2) in 2017, accounting for a glacier loss of ~7 km^(2) and corresponding to ~1.92% reduction. Our study results are in agreement with global glacier behavior, revealing a rapid glacier recession and accelerated glacial lake expansion under an unprecedented climate change scenario. In addition, the results suggest a significant reduction in the glacier area and a close relationship between the glacier melting and lake changes.

关键词： glacial lake expansion glacier change glacier-lake interaction central himalaya climate

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Integrated approach for understanding spatio-temporal changes in forest resource distribution in the central himalaya

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第2期25卷 281-290页

作者： A K Joshi P K Joshi T Chauhan Brijmohan Bairwa TERI University

Intense anthropogenic exploitation has altered distribution of forest resources. This change was analyzed using visual interpretation of satellite data of 1979, 1999 and 2009. Field and interactive social surveys were conducted to identify spatial trends in forest degradation and data were mapped on forest cover and land use maps. Perceptions of villagers were compiled in a pictorial representation to understand changes in forest resource distribution in central himalaya from 1970 to 2010. For- ested areas were subject to degradation and isolation due to loss of con- necting forest stands. Species like Lantana camara and Eupatorium adenophorum invaded forest landscapes. Intensity of human pressure differed by forest type and elevation. An integrated approach is needed to monitor forest resource distribution and disturbance.

关键词： characterization forest central himalaya integrated approach distribution spatio-temporal

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Assessing resource vulnerability quadrants under changing precipitation trends in Uttarakhand,central himalayan region

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第10期18卷 2722-2741页

作者： Ayushi VLJHANI Vinay Shankar Prasad SINHA Mini GOVINDAN Department of Natural Resources TERI School of Advanced Studies10 Institutional AreaVasant Kunj New Delhi 110070India The Energy and Resources Institute India Habitat CentreNew Delhi 110003India

The central himalayan region is vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and characterized by regional climatic *** livelihood of the mountain communities across the himalaya is at risk owing to the consequences of variable precipitation *** exists limited empirical research on precipitation variability due to inadequate hydro-meteorological stations at highaltitude *** study uses a novel methodology which integrates precipitation variability with resource sensitivity over the three verticals of central himalaya:Himadri,Himachal and Shivaliks and across four major river basins:Yamuna,Upper Ganga,Ghaghar and *** magnitude of the significant precipitation trends was estimated through time series analysis at a 95%confidence *** assess the sensitivity of natural resources(forest,water and land)and human resources,fourteen mountain-specific indicators were identified which captured resource index using data standardization and principal component ***’s slope and Resource index were plotted in a 2D Cartesian coordinate to draw precipitation-resource quadrants with their effective coverage area:High Precipitation and Scarce Resources(35.92%);Low Precipitation and Abundant Resources(30.10%);Low Precipitation and Scarce Resources(22.33%)and High Precipitation and Abundant Resources(11.65%).This helped in developing quadrant-specific adaptation strategies under regional variability of *** methodology and the research findings will certainly assist water experts,resource managers and policy makers to strengthen adaptive capacity and improve the resilience of vulnerable communities across himalaya.

关键词： Climate Change Trend analysis Resource-quadrant Vulnerability Adaptation central himalaya

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On the spatio-temporal variation in b-value after 25 April 2015 Gorkha,Nepal earthquake

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Geodesy and Geodynamics 2022年第5期13卷 525-533页

作者： Ram Krishna Tiwari Harihar Paudyal Daya Shanker central Department of Physics Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmanduNepal Birendra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan UniversityBharatpurChitwanNepal Department of Earthquake Engineering Indian Institute of Technology RoorkeeRoorkeeUttarakhandIndia

In the present study,the spatial-temporal distribution of b-value along the five faults area(the Judi fault,Thaple fault,Kathmandu fault,Motihari-Gauri Shanker fault,and Motihari-Everest fault)was investigated after the Gorkha earthquake(M7.8).The earthquake catalog of 10,500 events was prepared by compiling the published *** study area is bounded in the central himalaya from 26.5°to 29°in latitude direction and 84°to 87°in longitude *** frequency magnitude distribution shows the variation of the b-value along with fault areas from 0.45 to 0.69,indicating a common characteristic of aftershock *** particular,the Judi fault area,Thaple fault area,and Motihari-Everest fault area are characterized by the low b-values of 0.45±0.02,0.48±0.02,and 0.55±0.04,*** regions could be the source region for future *** low b-value observed for fault areas are also consistent with the thrust faulting pattern in the region as indicated by the focal mechanism of mainshock and major *** temporal variation of b-value shows inevitable fluctuations during25 April to 12 May *** the area selected,the Motihari-Everest fault area is in critical strain(mechanically locked)conditions,as indicated by the stepwise energy release pattern.

关键词： Frequency-magnitude distribution Time series analysis Thrust fault Stress central himalaya

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Gorkha earthquake (MW7.8) and aftershock sequence: A fractal approach

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Earthquake Science 2022年第3期35卷 193-204页

作者： Ram Krishna Tiwari Harihar Paudyal central Department of Physics Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmandu 44618Nepal Birendra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan UniversityBharatpurChitwan 44200Nepal

On April 25, 2015, Nepal was struck by the MW7.8 Gorkha earthquake followed by an intense aftershock sequence. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes in the himalayan arc, causing more than 8900 fatalities. In this study, we analyzed the dataset (429 events, magnitude of completeness (Mc) ≥ 4.2 local magnitude) of the first 45 days after the Gorkha earthquake to estimate the seismicity parameters b-value, D-value, and p-value. We used the maximum likelihood method to estimate the b-value and Omori-Utsu parameters, whereas the correlation integral method was applied to estimate the fractal dimension (D-value). The analysis was carried out using running and sliding window techniques. The lowest b-value (0.57 ± 0.04) and the highest D-value (1.65 ± 0.02) were computed at the time of the Gorkha earthquake, after which the b-value significantly increased to a maximum of 1.57. It again dropped to 0.93 at the time of the major aftershock on May 12, 2015. The D-value showed an initial quick drop and then decreased in a wavy pattern until the end of the study period, indicating the clustering and scattering of earthquakes in a fault region. The b-value contour map identified the eastern part of the study area as a high stress region (b = ~0.8), implying that the stress shifted to that region. The D-value contour map reveals that the seismogenic structure shifted from linear to planar in the region. The rate of aftershock decay (p = 0.86 ± 0.04) for a short period reflects that the level of stress decreased rapidly. This study helps to understand the level of stress and seismicity pattern of a region, which could be useful for aftershock studies.

关键词： Omori-Utsu law correlation integral fractal dimension b-value central himalaya

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Correlates of avifaunal diversity along the elevational gradient of Mardi Himal in Annapurna Conservation Area,central Nepal

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Avian Research 2020年第3期11卷 201-214页

作者： Naresh Pandey Laxman Khanal Mukesh Kumar Chalise central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44613Nepal Nepal Biodiversity Research Society(NEBORS) Lalitpur 44700Nepal

Background:Patterns of biological diversity and richness can vary along the elevational gradients among mountain systems making it difficult to conclude the general *** drivers of such pattern are also poorly known in the southern flank of the himalaya due to limited ***,we assessed the species richness,seasonal patterns and drivers of avian diversity along an elevational gradient on Mardi Himal trekking trail,a newly open tourist route in Annapurna Conservation Area of the central ***:Two surveys(winter and summer seasons of 2019)were conducted from the bank of Seti-Gandaki River confluence(1030 m above sea level,asl)up to the Low Camp(3050 m asl)of the Mardi *** point count method was employed in every 100 m rise in the *** indices were calculated and bird abundance data on species,sites,seasons and environmental variables were *** linear model,polynomial regression and ordinary least square regression were performed to examine the importance of environmental factors in shaping the avian richness ***:A total of 673 individuals of birds belonging to 112 species,of which 72 in winter and 80 in summer,were *** observed a hump-shaped pattern of the overall species richness along the elevational *** richness pattern remained consistent even when explored by season,for winter and summer *** indices were found higher during the *** and mean monthly temperature in both seasons showed non-linear relation with avian species *** exhibited positive association in summer whereas the same in winter was negatively correlated with avian species *** to the nearest water source and the nearest human settlement were negatively correlated with the richness of ***-ranged and insectivorous birds were under the strong influence of gradients on climatic variables like temperature and ***:We conc

关键词： Annapurna Conservation Area Avian richness central himalaya Elevation

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